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Biology Year 2 > Human reproduction > Flashcards

Human reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the scrotum

A

it provides an optimum temperature for sperm production

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2
Q

testes function

A

produces the male gametes(spermatozoa)

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3
Q

urethra

A

a tube that connects the the bladder to the outside, passes through the penis and transfers urine and semen to the outside

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4
Q

penis

A

organ that is used to pass semen into the reproductive system

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5
Q

vas deferens function

A

a tube that takes the sperm from the testis to the urethra during ejaculation

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6
Q

epididymis function

A

it is where sperms collect and mature

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7
Q

prostate glands functions

A

produces an alkaline secretion that neutralises any urine left in the urethra
it also aids sperm mobility

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8
Q

seminal vesicle

A

gland that produces nutrient secretions that help sperm mobility

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9
Q

describe the process of spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia undergoes mitosis to form a germinal epithelium on the outer layer of the seminiferous tubule

the spermatogonia grow into primary spermatocytes, which are diploid

the diploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1 to produce secondary spermatocytes

secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2 to form spermatids, which are haploid

the haploid spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa. the spermatozoa grows

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10
Q

site of spermatogenesis

A

seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

function of the sertoli cells

A

they nourish the spermatozoa once they are formed

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12
Q

throughout spermatogenesis, which cells provide nutrients for the different stages of the process

A

sertoli cells

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13
Q

functions of the ovaries

A

they produce the female gametes
they secrete the hormones oestrogen and progesterone

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14
Q

function of the fallopian tube (uterine tube)

A

it is the site of fertilisation
it connects to ovaries to the uterus

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15
Q

myometrium

A

a muscular layer of the uterus

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16
Q

endometrium

A

it is where the blastocyst gets implanted if fertilisation occurs

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17
Q

cervix

A

a muscular ring that closes the entrance to the uterus. it dilates during birth

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18
Q

vagina

A

muscular tube that leads to the outside of ther body

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18
Q

vagina

A

muscular tube that leads to the outside of the body

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19
Q

urethra function

A

it connects to the bladder, allowing the passage of urine

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20
Q

bladder

A

it stores urine

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21
Q

describe the process of oogenesis

A

oogonia formed before birth undergoes mitosis to form primary oocytes

primary oocytes start to divide by meiosis but stop at prophase 1

the primary oocytes are surrounded by follicle cells forming the primary follicles

At puberty, FSH from the pituitary glands stimulate some of the primary follicles to develop into secondary follicles

the primary oocyte completes the first meiotic division to form a haploid secondary and a small polar body

the secondary oocyte is now in the graafian follicle. it starts meiosis 2 but stops at metaphase 2

it migrates to the surface of the ovary where it bursts, projecting the secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube. This is ovulation.

Meiosis 2 is only completed if fertilisation occurs.
An ovum is formed during fertilisation

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22
Q

fertilization can only take place after

A

capacitation

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23
Q

what happens during capacitation

A

*removal of glycoprotein from the outer layer of the sperm and plasma proteins from the seminal fluid

*removal of cholesterol (this weakens the cell membrane)

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24
Q

the effect of capacitation

A

it causes a change in the membrane covering the acrosome, thereby increasing the chance of binding the sperm to the secondary oocyte

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25
Q

during capacitation, …………………. in the uterus causes the ………………. of the sperm to become more permeable to ……………….. …………. which increases the ………….. ………………. and starts ………………….. reaction

A

enzymes
membrane
calcium ions
tail activity
acrosome

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26
Q

describe the journey of the sperm to meet with the secondary oocyte

A

the sperm are released from the epididymis and travel along the vas deferens out of the penis through the urethra

spermatozoa are deposited at the top of the vagina

they swim through the cervix along the lining of the uterus into the oviduct where they meet the secondary oocyte

27
Q

describe the acrosome reaction

A

contact with the outer jelly coat results in the acrosome membrane rupturing and the release of the hydrolytic protease enzymes

these enzymes digest the corona radiata and the zona pellucida

entry of the head of the sperm into the secondary oocyte stimulates the completion of meiosis 2. this produces the ovum and the second polar body

28
Q

corona radiata and zona pellucida

A

glycoprotein layers around the secondary oocyte

29
Q

Spermatozoa are produced in the ?

A

Seminiferous tubules

30
Q

cortical reaction

A

process that produces a fertilization membrane and prevents polyspermy

31
Q

describe what happens in cortical reaction

A

entry of a single sperm causes calcium ions to be released from the SER

this causes cortical granules in the ovum to release enzymes that change the structure of the zona pellucida to produce a fertilization membrane, which prevents the entry of any further sperm

the nucleus of the ovum fuses with the nucleus of the sperm to form a diploid zygote

32
Q

blastocysts

A

a hollow ball of undifferentiated cells

33
Q

the cleavage

A

this is the first division in a series of mitotic divisions that result to the formation of the blastocyst

34
Q

implantation

A

this is when the blastocyst reaches the uterus and is embedded into the endometrium

35
Q

following fertilisation the ovum is known as the ……………..
why is this

A

zygote
because the nucleus of the spermatozoa and the ovum fuse immediately after fertilisation

36
Q

the zygote divides by……………. to form the blastocyst

A

mitosis

37
Q

outer layer of the blastocyst

A

trophoblast

38
Q

the trophoblast later develops into the?

A

chorion

39
Q

chorion

A

the fetal part of the placenta

40
Q

function of the trophoblast

A

produces HCG which maintains the corpus luteum for the first 16 weeks of pregnancy

41
Q

what is the significance of the trophoblastic villi penetrating the endometrium

A

it increases the surface area for the absorption of nutrients

42
Q

what happens when cells of the chorion move into the chorionic villi

A

they form the chorionic villi, which are larger than the trophoblastic villi

43
Q

the placenta connects the …………… to the ………………….. wall

A

embryo/ foetus
uterus

44
Q

blood from the embryo travels to the placenta through arteries of the ……………….. and returns via the ………………….

A

umbilical cord
umbilical vein

45
Q

the 5 major roles of the placenta

A

it takes over the corpus luteum to secrete the hormone progesterone and oestrogen

for gas exchange with the mother’s circulation

allows the mother’s antibodies to protect the foetus by passive immunity

it protects the foetus from the mother’s immune system

it serves as a barrier to high blood pressure and toxins in the mother’s blood

46
Q

how does the placenta protect the foetus from the mother’s immune system

A

by preventing white blood cells from the mother passing into the foetal blood circulation

47
Q

amnion

A

a membrane derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst

48
Q

what happens when amniotic fluid starts to accumulate

A

the amnion membrane is eventually pushed outwards

49
Q

during development, the amniotic protects the foetus by?

A

maintaining the optimum temperature for the development of the foetus

providing lubrication

contributing to lung development

acting as a shock absorber

50
Q

function of progesterone and oestrogen

A

they inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH, thereby preventing more follicles from forming, so ovulation will not occur

51
Q

progesterone also suppresses the uterine wall’s ability to?

A

contract

52
Q

function of oestrogen

A

inhibits the secretion of LH

it also stimulates the growth of the uterus to accommodate the foetus and growth and development of mammary glands

53
Q

the decrease in progesterone levels allows the secretion of?

A

oxytocin and prolactin

54
Q

function of oxytocin

A

causes the contraction of the myometrium

55
Q

when oxytocin is released, positive feedback leads to …………….. and ……………………..

A

a further increase in oxytocin levels and stronger contractions

56
Q

oxytocin is secreted by the

A

posterior pituitary gland

57
Q

prolactin is released by

A

the anterior pituitary gland

58
Q

function of prolactin

A

it stimulates the mammary glands to synthesise milk

59
Q

one of the major causes of female infertility

A

blocked uterine tubes

60
Q

effect of blocked uterine tubes

A

prevents fertilisation taking place
it also prevents zygote from moving down the uterine tube

61
Q

causes of blocked fallopian tubes

A

endometriosis
chlamydia

62
Q

treatment for female infertility

A

IVF treatment

63
Q

what is IVF treatment

A

this is when fertilisation takes place outside of the body and the zygote is implanted into the endometrium afterwards

64
Q

describe the processes that occur in IVF treatment

A

ovulation is stimulated using hormones at a specific dose to induce several follicles to develop at the same time

the oocytes are collected using a tube inserted through the vagina

about a 100000 sperm are placed on a petri dish per oocyte

three days later, any fertilised oocytes can be re-introduced into the uterus

Biology Year 2 (21 decks)

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