component 1 revision and exam errors Flashcards
strategies that can be used to prevent overfishing
aquaculture
minimum net mesh size, so that younger fish will not be caught
establishing exclusion zones, so certain areas that might contain breeding fish will not be fished
quotas should be introduced
why are farmed fishes more susceptible to lice
they are more closely packed, so the lice can spread from fish to fish
why is eliminating lice a problem for fish farms
lice is resistant to pesticides, and so are not easily killed
why is it important to prevent the escape of farmed fish from their pens
they might spread diseases to native fish in other areas
competition with other fish in other habitats for food, mates, habitat…..
they might breed with fish in their new habitat, thereby reducing genetic diversity
they might predate other fishes in their new habitats, thereby reducing biodiversity in the habitat
reasons why people might be concerned with the illegal reintroduction of beavers into sites in the UK
they might introduce certain diseases to the habitat or site
it could lead to the destruction of the habitat due to deforestation and reduced water flow
the site or habitat might be inappropriate for the beavers
what should scientists consider when planning the successful reintroduction of beavers
whether the habitat is suitable for the beaver
that the beaver does not occupy the same niche as other species in the habitat
that a suitable disease free beaver population is being reintroduced
planetary boundaries
the threshold for a global process that is affected by human activity. above this threshold, the global process will not be stable
how can deforestation directly affect the planetary boundary for climate change?
deforestation reduces the carbon dioxide uptake by plants during photosynthesis
using fuels in the processing of trees also releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
the decay of waste tree material also releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
using your knowledge of natural selection, suggest why more species have become extinct recently, compared to pre-industrial times
increased human population has caused environmental change
some species were selected against due to these environmental changes, like climate change
these species were not able to adapt in a short period of time and became extinct consequently
how can biodiversity loss be delayed using conservation methods
breeding programmes
trade restrictions
fishing quotas
restricting habitat destruction
red kites almost became extinct in the UK in 1995. An attempt was made to recover the red kite population.
In areas where they were absent and then re-introduced, their numbers increased more rapidly than re-introducing them in areas where they were already established. suggest why
fewer predators
less intraspecific competition for food or shelter
less likely to pass on disease as there are fewer of them in those areas
Briefly describe how reduced FAD and reduced NAD are used to create an electrochemical gradient.
reduced NAD and reduced FAD pass electrons onto the ETC
the high energy electrons provide energy to power proton pumps in the inner mitochondrial membrane
hydrogen ions are pumped into the intermembrane space
an electrochemical gradient is generated consequently
Suggest a suitable tissue to examine the mitochondrial function and explain why you have chosen this
tissue with respect to patient safety.
muscle
high number of mitochondria and easy to access
What could be deduced if the oxygen consumption was low with the pyruvate as a substrate but high
with α-ketoglutarate as a substrate?
NB: the latter is a substrate of the Krebs cycle
the link reaction is not working or
enzymes of the link reaction are not active
the pathway between α-ketoglutarate and the rest of the cycle is not working correctly or
there is not enough NAD or FAD to drive the ETC
What could be deduced if there was a build-up of any one of the Krebs cycle intermediates?
enzymes that are supposed to catalyze the conversion of the intermediate to the next in the cycle are not functional, so the intermediate cannot be converted
How do we measure biomass ?
In terms of mass of carbon
Or dry mass of tissue
Suggest three different ways that abundance can be quantified in an ecosystem
Through
Percentage area cover, density or percentage frequency
How is biomass measured
In terms of the mass of carbon
Or dry mass of tissue
Explain why there is a raised blood lactate level in many patients with mitochondrial disease
The krebs cycle might not be working well
Pyruvate levels build up
Excess pyruvate are then converted to lactate
What happens to the carbon dioxide removed during the link reaction and the Krebs cycle (or during respiration)
Diffuses out of the mitochondria into the blood plasma, where it is carried as hydrogen carbonate ions
It is breathed out
Outline the pathway for the production of triose phosphate in glycolysis
Glucose is phosphorylase’s twice to form 1,6- glucoseBIphosphate
2ATP are used in this process , so 2ADP molecules are formed
1,6- glucoseBIphosphate is split into 2 triode triose phosphate molecules
explain the biochemical reasons for carrying out lactic acid fermentation, although lactate is toxic in high concentrations
NAD can be regenerated during this reaction
ATP can therefore be produced without the use of the ETC or oxygen
therefore glycolysis can continue and ATP can keep being produced
lactic acid fermentation sometimes occurs in muscle fibres when a short burst of very rapid ATP production is needed.
suggest a reason for this
it is a quicker process, compared to aerobic respiration, as only glycolysis is required
suggest why substrate level phosphorylation is referred to as the simplest and oldest way to make ATP
because it does not involve the ETC
it does not require oxygen
it does not require ATP synthase
it does not need an electrochemical gradient
