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anatomy > exercise phys exam 1 > Flashcards

exercise phys exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

maintenance of a constant internal environment

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

balance between the demands placed on a body and the physiological response to those demands

A

steady state

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3
Q

components of a biological control system

A
  1. stimulus excites receptor
  2. receptor signals integrating center of a disturbance
  3. signals effector to correct disturbance
  4. effector corects disturbance and removes stimulus
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4
Q

what does basal ganglia do?

A

smooths movements

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5
Q

motor control system

A 
primary motor cortex
cerebellum
basal ganglia
brain stem
spinal cord
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6
Q

primary descending motor pathway from motor cortex to the spinal cord motor neurons

A

corticospinal tract

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7
Q

degeneration of basal ganglia (specifically nuclei called the substania nigra)

A

parkinsons disease

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8
Q

name 4 symptoms of parkinsons

A

tremor of hands arms legs jaw
rigidity or stiffness of limbs and trunk
bradykinesia or slowness of movement
postural instability or impaired balance and coordination

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9
Q

extensors are

A

ventral

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10
Q

flexors are

A

dorsal

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11
Q

what covers the entire muscle

A

fascia

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12
Q

what covers the fascicle

A

epimysium

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13
Q

what covers the individual fibers

A

perimysium

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14
Q

what covers the individual myofibrils

A

endomysium

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15
Q

what is a motor unit:

A

motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates

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16
Q

describe action potential

A

action potential leads to synapse, Ca^2+ channel opens, Ca goes into cell, ACh either binds to nicotinic receptor or gets broken down by enzyme acetylcholinesterase

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17
Q

define satellite cell and describe where its located

A

satellite cells repair damaged muscle, located between basement membrane and sarcolemma

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18
Q

what is the functional unit of muscle:

A

sarcomere

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19
Q

be able to draw sarcomere

A 
Z line
I band: only actin
 A band: both myosin and actin
H zone: only myosin
 M line
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20
Q

what do you need to dissociate myosin head from actin?

A

ATP

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21
Q

essential and regulatory

A

MLC (myosin light chain)

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22
Q

ATPase and actin-binding site

A

MHC

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23
Q

binds to actin in thin myofilaments to hold the troponin-tropomyosin complex in place

A

troponin I

24
Q

binds to tropomyosin, interlocking them to form a troponin-tropomyosin complex

A

Troponin T

25
Q

binds to calcium ions

A

Troponin C

26
Q

filamentous actin, whole picture

A

F actin

27
Q

what makes the myosin head bind and perform perfect stroke

A

Calcium

28
Q

elastic elements in I band, helps with stretching

A

Titin

29
Q

links together adjacent myofibrils

A

Desmin

30
Q

protein assemblies in striated muscle that physically couple filaments to sarcolemma

A

costamere

31
Q

most important costamere

A

dystrophin

32
Q

finish this sentence: the more sarcomeres,

A

the greater force you produce

33
Q

what is activated by membrane depolarization?

A

DHP (dihydropyridine receptor)

34
Q

then what happens?

A

DHP reacts with ryanodine receptor to release Ca into cytosol from SR to activate contraction

35
Q

slow twitch fibers

A

type 1 fibers: slow-twitch, oxidative, MHC I

36
Q

Fast twitch fibers

A

type IIx fibers: fast-twitch, glycolytic, MHC IIx

type IIa fibers: intermediate fibers, oxidative and glycolytic, MHC IIa

37
Q

number of mitochondria

A

type IIx: low
type IIa: high/mod
type I: high

38
Q

resistance to fatigue

A

type IIx:low
type IIa: high/mod
type I: high

39
Q

predominant energy system

A

type IIx: anaerobic
type IIa: combination
type I: aerobic

40
Q

myosin ATPase activity:

A

type IIx: highest
type IIa: high
type I: low

41
Q

Vmax

A

type IIx: highest
type IIa: intermediate
type I: low

42
Q

what muscle type creates the greatest force?

A

pennate because more sarcomeres = greater force

43
Q

peak power ratio of type IIx:IIa:I

A

10:5:1

44
Q

hypertrophy:

A

making muscle fibers bigger

45
Q

protein right after exercise:

A

increases muscle protein synthesis

46
Q

sensory fiber Ia:

A

muscle spindle: muscle length

47
Q

sensory fiber Ib:

A

golgi tendon organ: muscle tension

48
Q

III and IV:

A

free nerve endings, pain and temp

49
Q

what happens when Golgi Tendon Organ is stimulated?

A

antagonist is activated and agonist is inhibited

50
Q

what are the 2 main causes of DOMS

A

muscle damage and inflammation

51
Q

prostaglandin

A

increases inflammation and hypertension

52
Q

histamine

A

causes leaky capillaries, edema

53
Q

what enzyme produces prostaglandins

A

cyclooxygenase (COX)

54
Q

name 3 antioxidant enzymes:

A

superoxide dismutase
catalase
glutathione peroxidase

55
Q

name 3 antioxidant molecules:

A

vit C
vit E
B-carotene

56
Q

muscle growth inhibitor

A

myostatin

57
Q

how can you reduce DOMS?

A

heat muscles to 40d C day before exercise

produce DOMS

anatomy (22 decks)

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