Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FINALS RENAL + UROLOGY > bladder > Flashcards

bladder Flashcards

1
Q

when are hyaline casts in urine seen

A

normal, exercise, fever, loop diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when are brown casts seen in urine

A

tubular necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when is bland urinary sediment seen

A

prerenal uraemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

when are red cell casts seen

A

nephritic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

causes transient non-visible haematuria

A

UTI, period, sex, exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

causes persistent non-visible haematuria

A

cancer, stones, BPH, prostatitis, chlamydia, renal (eg IgA, basement disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how is persistent non-visible haematuria defines

A

blood in 2/3 samples 2-3 weeks apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

urgent referral criteria haematuria (2 weeks)

A

45 AND unexplained visible haematuria // 45 AND visible haematuria that persists after UTI // 60 AND unexplained non-visible haematuria AND dysuria or raised WCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

non-urgent cancer referral

A

60 years with recurrent or persistent unexplained urinary tract infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what patients with haematuria can be managed in primary care

A

<40, non-visible, normal RFT, no protein, normotensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

most common causes polyuria

A

diuretics, coffee, alcohol, diabetes, lithium, HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

who gets AUR

A

men >60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

biggest causes AUR

A

BPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

other causes AUR

A

obstruction eg stricture, calculi, constipation // meds // neuro eg trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

meds that can cause AUR

A

anticholinergics eg antihistamines, TCAs // opioids // benzos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

symptoms + signs AUR

A

can’t pass urine // lower abdo pain // confused // palbable bladder // abdo tenderness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

inital + defitnitive invx AUR

A

urinalysis, U+Es, FBC // USS >300 = diagnostic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

mx AUR

A

catheter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what volume of fluid drained from a catheter in suspected AUR would confirm diagnosis

A

if volume >400 leave in place // if <200 not AUR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

complications of AUR mx

A

post-obstructive diuresis (maybe give IV fluids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

symptoms chronic urinary retention

A

painless and insidious onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

findings of high vs low pressure chronic urinary retention

A

high pressure = impaired renal function + bilateral hydronephrosis // low pressure = normal function + no hydronephrosis

23
Q

what usually causes high pressure chronic urinary retention

A

bladder outflow obstruction

24
Q

what symptom can occur after catheterisation in chronic UR

A

decompression haematuria (no treatment required)

25
Q

invx chronic retention and bladder outflow obstruction

A

bladder + renal USS // urinalysis // prostate

26
Q

RF urinary incontinence

A

age // pregnancy + childbirth // high BMI // hysterectomy

27
Q

what causes overactive bladder / urge incontinence

A

overactive detrusor

28
Q

symptoms OAB + urge incontinence

A

desperate sudden need, provocative onset eg key in door, small leakage // OAB may not have incontinence

29
Q

physio + medical mx urge incontience

A

bladder retraining // antimuscarinics eg oxybutynon, tolterodine // mirebegron (FOR ELDERLY)

30
Q

surgical mx urge incontinence

A

bladder pacemaker // enterocystoplasty

31
Q

what causes stress incontinence

A

weak pelvic floor when raised intra-abdominal pressure

32
Q

causes stress incontinence

A

obese, multiparous

33
Q

symptoms stress incontinence

A

wet when coughing

34
Q

physio, med, surgical mx stress incotinence

A

pelvic floor (8x3/ day for 3 months) // duloxetine // surgical tape procedure

35
Q

what causes over flow incontinence

A

outflow obstruction eg prostate enlargement

36
Q

symptoms overflow incontinence

A

hesitant void, poor stream, incomplete emptying, bed wetting, nocturia

37
Q

ivx incontinence

A

bladder diary // vaginal exam // dipstick // urodynamics

38
Q

who usually gets bladder cancer

A

men 50-80

39
Q

RF for transitional cell bladder cancer

A

smoking!!! // hydrocarbins eg 2-naphthylamine (work in printing or textiles // rubber // cyclophosphamide

40
Q

types of bladder cancer

A

transitional cell carcinoma (90%) // SCC // adenocarcinoma

41
Q

subtypes of transitional cell carcinomas

A

70% papillary (superficial and better prognosis) // 30% mixed or solid growth (more aggressive)

42
Q

which nodes are first affected in bladder cancer

A

single node true pelvis (N1) –> multiple nodes true pelvis (N2)–> common iliac (bad) (N3)

43
Q

stages bladder cancer

A

T1 = confined to subepilelial connective tissue // T2 = muscularis propria (smooth muscle) // T3 = fat // T4 = local invasion

44
Q

symptoms bladder cancer

A

painless, haematuria // incidental non-visible haematuria in younger patients

45
Q

invx bladder cancer

A

cystoscopy + biopsy // local disease = MRI // distant mets = CT

46
Q

how are high grade bladder cancers mx

A

chemo

47
Q

how are T1+T2 bladder cancers mx

A

surgery or radiotherapy

48
Q

RF SCC bladder cancer

A

(shistosomiasis)

49
Q

most common cause of bladder injury

A

blunt trauma assoc with pelvic fracture (10% of pelvic fractures have bladder injury)

50
Q

symptoms of a bulbar urethral injury

A

most common: urianary retention + blood at meatus + perineal haematoma

51
Q

symptom membranous urethral rupture

A

penile or perineal oedema or haematoma // PR = prostate displaced upwards

52
Q

invx + mx urethral trauma

A

ascending urethrogram + suprapubic catheter

53
Q

symptoms bladder injury

A

haematuria, pain, cant void

54
Q

invx bladder trauma

A

IVU or cystogram

FINALS RENAL + UROLOGY (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions