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Psychology > Cognitive + psychological expls of Offending behaviour: FORENSIC > Flashcards

Cognitive + psychological expls of Offending behaviour: FORENSIC Flashcards

1
Q

who proposed the criminal personality theory ?

A

Eysenck

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2
Q

which dimensions of personality did Eysenck establish in 1947?

A

Extroversion<—————> Introversion
Neuroticism<—————> Stability

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3
Q

which dimension of personality did Eysenck establish after1947?

A

Psychoticism <—-> Sociability

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4
Q

Extraversion characteristics

A

-Crave excitement
-Often getting involved in dangerous, risk taking behaviour
-Do not easily respond to conditioning
-Typically don’t learn from mistakes
-Very sociable, talkative and comfortable in groups of people

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5
Q

Neuroticism characteristics

A

-nervy+ Anxious
-Their behaviour is difficult to predict
-May be at risk of depression
-React strongly to negative stimuli
-Perfectionism, which causes stress

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6
Q

Psychoticism characteristics

A

-Self-centered
-Cold + lack empathy for others
-Antisocial behaviour
-Show aggression + impulsivity
-Little regard or fear of possible punishment

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7
Q

Eysenck developed a

A

Questionnaire in 1947 focus on neuroticism and extroversion

later added psychoticism in 1966

To identify personality traits

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8
Q

The criminal personality is considered to be

Criminals also score highly

A

Extraverted-Neurotic

Criminals also score highly on psychoticism

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9
Q

How did Eysenck link Biology to Extroverts

A

-Constant need for excitement
-As a result of an underactive nervous system
-therefore, their nervous system needs unusually high levels of stimulation

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10
Q

How did Eysenck link Biology to Neurotic indivs

A

-high level of reactivity in the sympathetic nervous system
-respond quickly to situations of thereat (F or F)
-Also overreact to situations which others may also find less stressful
Behaviour is also unpredictable

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11
Q

How did Eysenck link Biology to Psychotic indivs

A

Has been linked to higher levels of testosterone
-unemotional and prone to aggression
-Due to men having naturally higher levels of testosterone, they are more likely to be at this end of the spectrum

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12
Q

The socialisation process

A

(Eysenck also considered the way a person is brought up will determine whether a person becomes a law abiding indiv or not)

socialisation: Process in which children are taught to become more able to delay gratification + more socially orientated

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13
Q

Socialisation of Extroverts

A

Naturally reward seekers. Less affected by punishment

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14
Q

Socialisation of Neuroticism

A

Interferes with efficient learning, effect their ability to accept rules

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15
Q

Level of moral reasoning:

A

The way a person thinks about right and wrong.

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16
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg (1968) was the first researcher to apply the concept of ____ _______to offending behaviour.

A

moral reasoning

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17
Q

Kohlberg suggested that peoples decisions and judgements of right and wrong can be summarised in a stage theory of moral reasoning.

Kohlberg suggested the _______the stage, the more sophisticated the reasoning.

A

higher

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18
Q

Stage 1 of Moral reasoning

A

Punishment Orientation

Rules are obeyed to avoid punishment

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19
Q

Stage 2 of Moral reasoning

A

Instrumental orientation or personal gain

Rules are obeyed for personal gain

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20
Q

Stage 3 of Moral reasoning

A

‘Good boy’ or ‘Good girl’ orientation

Rule are obeyed for approval

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21
Q

Stage 4 of Moral reasoning

A

Maintenance of the social order

Rule are obeyed to maintain social order

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22
Q

Stage 5 of Moral reasoning

A

Morality of contract and individual rights

Rules are challenged if they infringe on the rights of others

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23
Q

Stage 6 of Moral reasoning

A

Morality of Conscience

Individuals have a personal set of ethical principles

24
Q

Level 1: Pre-Conventional morality

A

Stage 1: Punishment Orientation

Stage 2: Instrumental orientation or personal gain

25
Q

Level 2: Conventional morality

A

Stage 3: ‘Good boy’ or ‘Good girl’ orientation
Stage 4: Maintenance of social order

26
Q

Level 3: Post- Conventional morality

A

Stage 5: Morality of contract and individual rights
Stage 6: Morality of conscience

27
Q

Criminals are more likely to be classified at the______________________ level of Kohlberg’s model.

A

pre-conventional

28
Q

characteristics of pre-conventional

A

Need to avoid punishment
Gain rewards
Less mature
Childlike

29
Q

characteristics of conventional + post-conventional

A

Sympathise more with rights of others
Honest
Generous
Non violent

30
Q

Kohlberg (1973). Research

A

Kohlberg (1973). Using his moral dilemmas, found that a group of violent youth were significantly lower level of moral development than non-violent youths.

31
Q

Cognitive distortions:

A

Cognitive distortions: Faulty, biased and irrational ways of thinking that mean we perceive ourselves, other people of the world inaccurately and often negatively.

32
Q

Two examples of cognitive distortions are:

A

Hostile Attribution bias

Minimalisation

33
Q

Hostile Attribution bias:

A

The tendency to judge ambiguous situations, or the actions of others as aggressive or threatening when in reality they may not be.

34
Q

Hostile Attribution bias – Schonenberg and jusyte (2014)

A

sample: 55 violent offenders

Method: present with images of ambiguous facial expressions.
Asked to say if they were angry

Findings show that violent offenders were significantly more likely to perceive the images as angry or hostile compared to the matched control group

35
Q

Hostile attribution bias Dodge and Frame (1982) `

A

Method: showed children a clip of an ‘ambiguous provocation’ , intention was neither clearly hostile or clearly accidental.

Experimental groups: Agressive + rejected , non gressive + accepted

Findings: aggressive and rejected interpreted the situation as more hostile.

36
Q

Minimalisation

A

Minimalisation: A type of deception that involves downplaying the significance of an event or emotions. It is used as a common strategy when dealing with feelings of guilt.

37
Q

Barbaree (1991)

A

Found among 26 incarcerated rapists, 54% denied they had committed an offense at all and a further 40% minimised the harm they had caused to the victim.

38
Q

Pollock and Hashmall (1991)

A

Reported that 35% of child molesters argued they crime was non-sexual (they were just being ‘affectionate’), 36% stated that the victim had consented.

39
Q

Differential Association Theory:

A

An explanation for offending which proposes that. Through interactions with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques and motives for offending behaviour.

40
Q

Similarly, to _______ _______ ________the differential association model believes that criminal behaviour is learned from interactions with others.
This theory is heavily influenced by E_______
S________

A

Social Learning theory

Edwin Sutherland.

41
Q

Scientific basis quote - Sutherland

A

‘The conditions which are said to cause crime should be present when crime is present and they should be absent when crime is absent’ (Sutherland, 1924)

*Differential association theory is designed to discriminate between individuals who become offenders and those who do not, whatever their social class or ethnic background.

42
Q

Offending as a learned behaviour

+ predictability

A

Offending behaviour is learned from the people we interact with. Learning occurs most often through interactions with significant others who the child values most and spend the most time with.

Differential association theory suggests we can predict how likely it is that an individual will commit offences based on different pieces of information:

Duration, Frequency, Intensity

43
Q

Learning Attitudes

DAT

A

When socialised into a group an individual will be exposed to the values and attitudes towards the law. Some will be pro-crime, some will be anti-crime.

Sutherland argued that if the pro-crime attitudes outweigh the anti-crime attitudes then a person will go onto offend.

44
Q

Learning Techniques

DAT

A

As well as learning pro-crime attitudes the person is also exposed to particular techniques for committing offences.

45
Q

Socialisation in prison

DAT

A

Sutherland also explained how when in prison inmates will learn specific techniques of offending from other, more experienced offenders that they may put into practice when released.

46
Q

Two psychodynamic explanations of offending:

A

Inadequate superego

maternal deprivation theory

47
Q

what are PSYCHODYNAMIC explanations :

Offending beh

A

a perspective which describes the different forces (dynamics), most of which are unconscious, that operate in the mind and direct human behaviour

48
Q

two psychodynamic expls of offending beh

A

-Inadequate superego

-Theory of maternal deprivation

49
Q

Blackburn (1993) ARGUED

A

if superego is somehow deficient or inadequate, then offending behaviour is inevitable as the ID is given ‘free rein’ and not properly controlled

50
Q

3 types of inadequate superego

A

-Week superego

Deviant superego

Over-harsh superego

51
Q

Role of emotion in psychodynamic approach to offending behaviour

A

Effect of superego is to allow for primitive, emotional demands to become uppermost in guiding moral behaviour

52
Q

When considering the development of offending behaviour, how does the inadequate superego expl differ from any other

A

It considers the role of emotion and an individuals emotional life

53
Q

The weak superego expl of offending beh

A

-If same gender parent is absent during phallic phase, child cannot internalise fully formed superego as there’s no opportunity for identification.

This would make immoral or offending behaviour more likely

54
Q

The Deviant superego expl of offending beh

A

if superego that a child internalises has immoral or deviant values, this would lead to offending behaviour

55
Q

The Over-Harsh superego expl of offending beh

A

-Healthy superego is based on identification with parent who has firm rules but forgives transgressions.
-In contrast, an excessively punitive or overly harsh parenting style leads to a child with an over-harsh superego who is crippled by guild and anxiety.
-This may drive the indiv to perform criminal acts in order to satisfy the Superego’s overwhelming need for punishment

56
Q

Bowlby stated Maternal deprivation leads to

A

-Low IQ / mental retardation

-Affectionless psychopathy

57
Q

Findings + method of Bowlby’s 44 thieves study

A

interviewed thieves and their families

14 p.p showed personality and behavioural characteristic’s that could = affectionless psychopathy

Out of this 14, 12 had experienced prolonged separation from their mother in first 2 years of life

In non criminal group, only 2 had experienced similar early separation

Psychology (56 decks)

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