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ELM2 - infection & immunity > lecture 1 - intro to defensive pathways of immunity > Flashcards

lecture 1 - intro to defensive pathways of immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A

Innate & Adaptive

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2
Q

Which type of immunity has the early response?

A

Innate immunity

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3
Q

Which type of immunity has the later response?

A

Adaptive

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4
Q

What type of receptor are used by the innate immune response?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

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5
Q

What is recognised by pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune response?

A

Conserved pathogen associated molecules, which are typically found in a large array of microbes

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6
Q

Are physical barriers part of the innate or adaptive immune response?

A

Innate - early, frontline defence against pathogens

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7
Q

Which type of immune response has memory, and which has no memory?

A

Innate has no memory, adaptive has memory once activated

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8
Q

What type of receptors are used in the adaptive immune response?

A

Antigen-specific receptors

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9
Q

What do antigen-specific receptors recognise in adaptive immunity?

A

Specific recognition of variable molecules (antigens) specific to particular pathogens.

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10
Q

What are the 2 key cell types involved in adaptive immunity?

A

B-cells (B lymphocytes) and T-cells (T lymphocytes)

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11
Q

What are the exterior defences to infection?

A

lysozyme in secretions, sebaceous gland secretions, commensal organisms in gut and vagina, spermine in semen, skin, stomach acid, trachea cilia, mucus in mucus membranes

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12
Q

Where is lysozyme found?

A

In tears, nasal secretions and saliva

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13
Q

What is lysozyme, and what are its functions?

A

An enzyme found in tears, saliva and breast milk, that acts as an antimicrobial agent.

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14
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Immune response via soluble molecules in extracellular fluid - blood and tissue fluid.

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15
Q

What are the components of innate humoral immunity?

A

collectins, pentraxins, naturally occuring antibodies, complement

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16
Q

What are the components of adaptive humoral immunity?

A

Antibodies and antigens from antibodies

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17
Q

What is cellular immunity?

A

Immune response involving immune cells in blood and tissue.

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18
Q

What are the key innate immune cells in blood?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, platelets

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19
Q

What are the key innate immune cells in tissue?

A

dendritic cells, mast cells, macrophages

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20
Q

What are the key adaptive immune cells in blood?

A

B cells and T cells

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21
Q

What are the key adaptive immune cells in the lymphnodes?

A

B cells, T cells

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22
Q

What are the effector cells of B cells?

A

Plasma cells

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23
Q

What are the effector cells of T cells?

A

activated T cells

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24
Q

Where are B cells and T cells found?

A

In blood and in the lymphnodes

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25
Q

What cells of cellular immunity are involved in initiating the adaptive immune response?

A

Antigen presenting cells - Dendritic cells, etc.

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26
Q

What are the main innate effector cells in tissues?

A

Mast cells, macrophages

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27
Q

What cells are tissue-resident phagocytes (3)?

A

macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells

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28
Q

What receptors activate phagocytes to undergo phagocytosis?

A

pattern recognition receptors

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29
Q

What is the name for the substances released by macrophages when they are activated, which go on to further activate the immune response?

A

Chemical mediators

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30
Q

When are chemical mediators released by macrophages?

A

When their pattern recognition receptors are activated by conserved pathogen associated molecules

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31
Q

What are the 4 key types of chemical mediators released by macrophages?

A

cytokines, chemokines, lipid mediators, histamine

32
Q

What type of receptor are Toll-like receptors, and are the part of adaptive or innate immunity?

A

Pattern recognition receptors, involved in innate immunity

33
Q

What do pattern recognition receptors, e.g. toll-like receptors recognise (2)?

A

PAMPS (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and DAMPs (danger associated molecular patterns.

34
Q

What does PAMP stand for?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

35
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Common microbial molecular patterns that are recognised by pattern recognition receptors in innate immune cells.

36
Q

What do macrophages do once activated?

A

phagocytosis of microbes, release of inflammatory cytokines

37
Q

What white blood cell type releases cytokines for the inflammatory response?

A

macrophages

38
Q

What response do cytokines drive?

A

inflammatory response

39
Q

In what part of a cell do phagocytosed microbes get killed and involved in antigen presentation?

A

phagolysosome

40
Q

What is a phagolysosome?

A

Lysosome within in a phagocyte that has a hostile environment to kill microbes

41
Q

What factors make phagolysosomes deadly to phagocytosed microbes?

A

low pH, reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates, enzymes

42
Q

What do mast cells release for acute inflammation?

A

Histamine

43
Q

What antibody is released in response to an allergen?

A

IgE

44
Q

What is the role of cytokines in acute inflammation?

A

Cause vasodilation which results in increased vascular permeability, resulting in swelling/oedema.

45
Q

What is the purpose of increased expression of adhesion molecules in an acute inflammatory response?

A

causes leukocytes to move to edges of blood vessels to they can move through the endothelium at the site of infection.

46
Q

What is the macroscopic presentation of extravasation of neutrophils in the acute inflammatory response?

A

Accumulation of pus

47
Q

What is the result of cytokines acting on the hypothalamus in the acute phase response of inflammation?

A

Increased body temperature - fever

48
Q

What are the clinical signs of the acute phase response of inflammation?

A

increased CRP and neutrophils in the blood, fever

49
Q

Where do dendritic cells activate B- and T- lymphocytes?

A

In the lymphnodes

50
Q

What do dendritic cells carry, to activate lymphocytes in the lymphnodes?

A

Antigen, which they present to the naïve lymphocytes

51
Q

What do dendritic cells present antigen peptides to T cells on?

A

MHC - major histocompatibility complex

52
Q

What receptor on T cells recognises MHC and peptide?

A

T cell receptors

53
Q

What do B cell receptors recognise?

A

native antigen, presented by dendritic cells

54
Q

How do B cells activate T cells?

A

They phagocytose native antigen, and then present it to T cells via MHC

55
Q

What are the regions of an antibody?

A

Variable region, constant region

56
Q

Is the antigen binding site in the variable or constant region of an antibody?

A

Variable - to detect specific features of the antigen

57
Q

Where are antibodies expressed?

A

On the surface of B-cells, or are secreted

58
Q

What part of antigens do antibodies bind to?

A

The epitope

59
Q

What is the epitope of an antigen?

A

A specific region of an unprocessed antigen that binds to antibodies

60
Q

What must antigen peptide epitopes bind to in order to be recognised by T-cell receptors?

A

MHC

61
Q

What are the 2 main classes of T cells?

A

CD4 and CD8

62
Q

What class of MHC do CD4 T cells recognise?

A

MHC Class II

63
Q

What class of MHC do CD8 T cells recognise?

A

MHC class I

64
Q

What are the classes of MHC?

A

class I and class II

65
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibody?

A

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE (MADGE)

66
Q

Where does selection of T cells occur?

A

Thymus

67
Q

Where does the selection of B cells occur?

A

Bone marrow

68
Q

What is positive selection of lymphocytes?

A

The killing of any T cells that are unable to recognise MHC

69
Q

What is negative selection of lymphocytes?

A

Removing cells that bind/recognise native antigen to prevent autoimmunity

70
Q

What is the role of cytokines in T cell activation?

A

Aid in T cell differentiation, and thus function

71
Q

What is the primary action of CD8 T cells?

A

cytotoxic T cells - kill infected cells

72
Q

What class are ‘cytotoxic’ T cells?

A

CD8

73
Q

What is the action of CD4 T cells?

A

Helper T cells - activate macrophages and B cells

74
Q

What class are ‘helper’ T cells?

A

CD4

75
Q

What do activated B cells differentiate into?

A

memory B cells, plasma cells

ELM2 - infection & immunity (22 decks)

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