Vocabulary 4

Question 1

affix

Answer 1

a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.

Question 2

affixation

Answer 2

morphological process that consists of adding an affix (i.e., a bound morpheme) to a morphological base.

Question 3

agglutinating language

Answer 3

is a linguistic process of derivational morphology in which complex words are formed by stringing together morphemes without changing them in spelling or phonetics.

Question 4

allomorph

Answer 4

any of two or more actual representations of a morpheme.

Question 5

alternation

Answer 5

the phenomenon of a morpheme exhibiting variation in its phonological realization.

Question 6

ambiguity

Answer 6

quality of language that makes a speech or written text open to multiple interpretations.

Question 7

analytic language

Answer 7

the language that conveys relationships between words in sentences primarily through helper words (particles, prepositions, etc.) and word order, as opposed to using inflections (changing the form of a comment to convey its role in the sentence).

Question 8

bound morpheme

Answer 8

a bound morpheme is a morpheme (the elementary unit of morphosyntax) that can appear only as part of a larger expression; a free morpheme (or unbound morpheme) is one that can stand alone.

Question 9

bound root

Answer 9

A bound root is a bound morpheme which acts more like as a root than an affix. However, unlike the free roots, the bound roots have no meaning in isolation.

Question 10

closed lexical category

Answer 10

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are open lexical categories. In contrast, closed lexical categories rarely acquire new members

Question 11

compounding

Answer 11

is a word formation process based on the combination of lexical elements

Question 12

conjunction

Answer 12

A conjunction is a word that is used to connect words, phrases, and clauses.

Question 13

content morpheme

Answer 13

is a root that forms the semantic core of a major class word.

Question 14

content word

Answer 14

the word that conveys information in a text or speech act.

Question 15

derivation

Answer 15

the formation of a word by changing the form of the base or by adding affixes to it (e.g., “hope” to “hopeful”).

Question 16

determiner

Answer 16

A determiner, also called determinative, is a word, phrase, or affix that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase and generally serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase

Question 17

form

Answer 17

meaningful unit of speech

Question 18

free morpheme

Answer 18

morpheme (or word element) that can stand alone as a word.

Question 19

function morpheme

Answer 19

A functional morpheme (as opposed to a content morpheme) is a morpheme that simply modifies the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning.

Question 20

function word

Answer 20

a word (such as a preposition, auxiliary verb, or conjunction) that expresses primarily a grammatical relationship

Question 21

fusional language

Answer 21

Fusional languages or inflected languages are a type of synthetic language, distinguished from agglutinative languages by their tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features.

Question 22

hierarchical structure

Answer 22

is a way of organizing data that is characterized by levels of increasing specificity.

Question 23

homophony

Answer 23

A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning. A homophone may also differ in spelling.

Question 24

incorporation

Answer 24

is a phenomenon by which a grammatical category, such as a verb, forms a compound with its direct object (object incorporation) or adverbial modifier while retaining its original syntactic function.

Question 25

infix

Answer 25

is an affix inserted inside a word stem (an existing word or the core of a family of words).

Question 26

inflection

Answer 26

is a process of word formation, in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, mood, animacy, and definiteness.

Question 27

input

Answer 27

input is all the written and spoken target language that a learner encounters, whether it is fully comprehended or not.

Question 28

lexical category

Answer 28

Lexical categories are classes of words (e.g., noun, verb, preposition), which differ in how other words can be constructed out of them.

Question 29

lexicon

Answer 29

A lexicon is the vocabulary of a language or branch of knowledge.

Question 30

morpheme

Answer 30

in linguistics, the smallest grammatical unit of speech; it may be a word, like “place” or “an,” or an element of a word, like re- and -ed in “reappeared.” So-called isolating languages, such as Vietnamese, have a one-to-one correspondence of morphemes to words; i.e., no words contain more than one morpheme.

Question 31

morphology

Answer 31

study of the internal construction of words. Languages vary widely in the degree to which words can be analyzed into word elements or morphemes

Question 32

open lexical category

Answer 32

A lexical category is open if the new word and the original word belong to the same category.

Question 33

output

Answer 33

the amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry

Question 34

partial reduplication

Answer 34

involves a reduplication of only part of the word.

Question 35

polysynthetic language

Answer 35

is more than ordinarily synthetic.

Question 36

prefix

Answer 36

Prefixes are morphemes (specific groups of letters with particular semantic meaning) that are added onto the beginning of roots and base words to change their meaning.

Question 37

preposition

Answer 37

a word that connects a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun to another word, esp.

Question 38

productive

Answer 38

the degree to which speakers of a language use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation.

Question 39

pronoun

Answer 39

is a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase.

Question 40

reduplicant

Answer 40

used in inflections to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and in lexical derivation to create new words.

Question 41

reduplication

Answer 41

Reduplication occupies a middle ground between concatenative and non-concatenative morphology.

Question 42

root

Answer 42

Core of the word

Question 43

simultaneous affix

Answer 43

Simultaneous affixes are common in signed languages and in languages with tone.

Question 44

stem

Answer 44

In computational linguistics, the term “stem” is used for the part of the word that never changes, even morphologically, when inflected, and a lemma is the base form of the word.

Question 45

Suffix

Answer 45

Suffixes are morphemes (specific groups of letters with particular semantic meaning) that are added onto the end of root words to change their meaning.

Question 46

suppletion

Answer 46

In linguistics and etymology, suppletion is traditionally understood as the use of one word as the inflected form of another word when the two words are not cognate.