memory-the cognitive interview

Question 1

what did gieselman and fisher say

Answer 1

they said that EWT could be improved if police used better techniques when interviewing witnesses.
they devised the cognitive interview technique to increase the validity and reliability of police interviews

Question 2

what are the 4 main techniques used

Answer 2

context reinstatement
recall from a changed perspective
report everything
recall in reverse order

Question 3

what is context reinstatement

Answer 3

they have to mentally recreate an image of the situation/crime in there heads and recall details of the environment/emotional state

Question 4

why is context reinstatement important

Answer 4

as context cues can trigger memories

Question 5

what is recall from a changed perspective

Answer 5

where witnesses have to mentally recreate the situation from another witnesses viewpoint

Question 6

why is recall from a changed perspective important

Answer 6

as it provides a holistic view of the event which may enhance recall

Question 7

what is recall in reverse order

Answer 7

where the witness describes the scene in a different chronological order eg-from end to beginning or middle to beginning

Question 8

why is recall in reverse order important

Answer 8

to verify accuracy

Question 9

what is report everything

Answer 9

where witnesses are asked to recall all details of a crime even if they seem insignificant

Question 10

why is report everything important

Answer 10

as it may highlight something that has been overlooked

Question 11

who found supporting evidence for cognitive interview

Answer 11

kohnken

Question 12

what did kohnken find

Answer 12

he conduced a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing CI to SI
he found CI gave a 41% increase in accurate info compared with SI
he founf only 4/55 studies founf no difference between SI and CI

Question 13

what did kohnken find

Answer 13

if CI was conducted a long time after the incident the incident the amount of correct detail also decreased

Question 14

what did kohnken find in terms of inaccuracy
(critisisms of supporting evidence)

Answer 14

he found a 25% in inaccurate information recalled

Question 15

who found that age affects usefulness of CI

Answer 15

kohnken
Holiday

Question 16

what did kohnken find in terms of age

Answer 16

he found that children under 7 had problems with the traditional version of CI
stretch-this is as children under 7 are egocentric and are unable to understand things from another persons perspective so “recall from a changed perspective is not possible”

Question 17

who developed the modified CI technique

Answer 17

Holiday

Question 18

how does holidays version of the modified CI technique work

Answer 18

-it can be used with children
-focusses on building trust between the interviewer + witness
-gives control to the witness
-removed the “recall from a changed perspective” component as they are too young to empathise/egocentric

Question 19

who found that some elements of CI work better than others

Answer 19

milne and bull

Question 20

what did milne and bull find

Answer 20

-undergraduate students and children were interviewed using one component of CI
-compared to a control group who were just asked to try again
-recall across all 4 components was broadly similar
-however when using a combination of report everything + context reinstatement recall was significantly higher

(found using context reinstatement and report everything produced significantly higher recall then using all 4 componenents)

Question 21

what does milne and bulls research suggest

Answer 21

that report everything and context reinstatement are the most effective CI techniques

Question 22

who developed the enhance cognitive interview technique

Answer 22

fisher

Question 23

what are the main additional features of enhanced cognitive interview technique

Answer 23

focus on social interactions
encourage the witness to relax and speech slowly
offer comments to help clarify witness statements

Question 24

how does the ECI focus on social interactions

Answer 24

as the interviewer needs to know when to establish eye contact and use open ended questions

Question 25

why does ECI encourage the witness to relax and speak

Answer 25

reduction in anxiety may enhance recall

Question 26

why does ECI offer comments to help clarify witness statements

Answer 26

may improve detail of statement

Question 27

what did coker find in regards to ECI

Answer 27

he found that an ECI that stressed the use of focussed mental imagery produced increase accuracy in details in comparison to the CI technique especially concerning personal details
he found recall was greater if ECI was conduced a week later rather than immediately after

Question 28

what did kohnken find in regards to ECI

Answer 28

he found ECI produced more incorrect details than CI
so police officers should be cautious using EWT from this technique

Question 29

who found some practical issue with CI

Answer 29

memon

Question 30

what 2 techniques did police forces say they were using

Answer 30

police forces claim to be using the CI technique
but in reality they are only using context reinstatement and report everything
this shows they should just use these 2 components to save time

Question 31

what did memon state was a practical issue about using CI

Answer 31

he reported officers believe the “recall from a changed perspective” component made witnesses believe they had witnessed an event when they in fact did not
-so due to this concern it is less frequently used
-using the CI means police officers have to have specialist training which requires time + money

Question 32

two positives about CI technique

Answer 32

even though CI was designed for police officers it has lead for calls for it to be used more widely by other organisations and situations where memory recall is important

research suggests that CI facilitates accuracy of eyewitnesses reporting which enables better use of police time + money see geiselman-showed police training vids to 89 students
kohnken-meta analysis of 55 studies comparing CI technique and SI technique