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year 1 Psychology > learning approach-the behaviourist approach > Flashcards

learning approach-the behaviourist approach Flashcards

1
Q

what is an unconditioned stimulus

A

an unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that naturally, automatically triggers a response

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2
Q

what is an uncondtioned response

A

the non-learnt response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditoned stimulus

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3
Q

what is a neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that does not elicit a response

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4
Q

what is a conditioned stimulus

A

a previously neutral stimulus that after being pared with the unconditioned stimulus now elicits a conditioned response

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5
Q

what is a conditioned response

A

the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus

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6
Q

how does classical conditioning state we learn

A

through association

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7
Q

what was Pavlovs experiment

A

-dogs were conditioned to associate the sound of the bell(NS) with food (UCS)
-this resulted in the dogs producing a salivation response (CR) to the bell (CS) even when no food was present

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8
Q

what was pavlovs conclusion

A

that repeated exposure to an event leads to learned and controllable behaviour.
can be used to explain acquisition of phobias and development of attachment

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9
Q

what is complete conditioning

A

complete condtioning is when the CS always produces the CR

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10
Q

what happens before conditioning

A

UCS—>UCR

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11
Q

what happens during conditioning

A

NS+UCS—>UCR

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12
Q

what happens after conditioning

A

CS—>CR

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13
Q

how does classical conditioninf work

A

by repeating the connection between the CS and UCS

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14
Q

what is stimulus generalisation

A

if the stimulus has characteristics close to the conditioned stimulus associations will still be made so it will still produce that conditioned response

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15
Q

what is stimulus discrimination

A

if the stimulus has characteristics that are too different from the conditioned stimulus associations will not be made so it will not produce the conditioned response

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16
Q

what is time contiguity

A

associations will only be made if the NS and UCS are present around the same time. If the time lapse between them is too great no associations will be made

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17
Q

supporting research for classical conditioning

A

watson and rayner presented little albert with a white rate to which he wasnt afraid of.
as he approached the white rate a noise sounded behind him. This was repeated x6
then when the rat was presented he was frightened and pulled away from it
he was conditioned to be scared of the rat.
he found other white furry objects scary-stimulus generalization

18
Q

ethics of little alberts study

A

-he wasnt protected from psychological harm
+gained consent from mother
+they did try to debrief him but he left
+confidentiality-psydonmym

19
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

The way in which voluntary behaviors are learnt
learning through consequences

20
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

to encourage someone to repeat a behavior by giving them something pleasant

21
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

to encourage someone to repeat a behavior by removing something unpleasant

22
Q

what is punishment

A

behaviour is less likely to occur because of negative consequences
(recieving something umplesant which decreases the chance behaviour is repeated)

23
Q

what is a primary reinforcers

A

non-learned and directly satisfy a basic need eg-food and water

24
Q

what are secondary reinforcers

A

does not directly satisfy a basic need but can be used to get a primary reinforcer. Eg-money and vouchers

25
Q

supporting evidence for operant conditioning

A

–skinner used a puzzle box to observe animal behaviour (Pigeons and rats) in a laboratory
-there were visual cues eg-loudspeakers and lights
-positive reinforcement-the rat leant that pressing the leaver would mean he would get a pellet. The pressing of the leaver becomes a learnt behaviour as the rat learns it will be rewarded with a pellet each time it presses the leaver
-negarive reinforcement-the rat was subjected to an unpleasant electrical current when the rat would press the leaver the current will have stopped. He would repeat the action of pressing the leaver to escape the consequence of the electrical current
punishement-each time the rat pressed the lever it would recieve an electrical shock instead of a food pellet. the rat stopped pressing the leaver as the shock acted as punishment

26
Q

advantages of animal research

A

can replicate it on similar animals as they have smaller gestation periods

27
Q

disadvantages of animal research

A

animals have different cognitions and motivations to humans

28
Q

what are the ABCs of operant conditioning
(used to analyse behaviour)

A

A-antecedents
B-behaviour
C-consequences

29
Q

what is an antecedent

A

what happens prior to the behaviour being performed
eg-lights

30
Q

what is the behaviour

A

skinner called these operant
eg-pressing the leaver

31
Q

what is the consequence

A

what happens after the operant
eg-food pellet or electrical shock

32
Q

issues and debates

A

in booklet

33
Q

supporting evidence of the behaviourist approach
(psychology as a science)

A

he focussed on objective methods of research for eg-they conduct research in a lab and measure observable behaviour
-this means its replicable

34
Q

supporting evidence for behaviourist approach
(non-human)

A

they used animals in research as they believed the learning process in humans and animals was similar
-using animals gives more control over the process without the influence of demand characteristics or individual differences
-however these results cannot be generalised to the wider population as animals and humans have different motivations and cognitions so we cannot extrapolate from humans to animals

35
Q

does the behaviourist approach believe behaviour is
free will or determinism

A

environmentally deterministic-behaviour is determined by our environment

36
Q

does the behaviourist approach believe behaviour is
reductionist or holism

A

reductionist-attempts to reduce all aspects of human behaviour down to one explantion

37
Q

does the behaviourist approach believe behaviour is
nurture or nature

A

nurture-environment

38
Q

how is classical conditioning useful to real life

A

can be used to treat phobias through systemic desensitisation

39
Q

how is operant conditioning useful to real life

A

can be used to help change behaviour which is seen as negative

40
Q

Alyernative approaches to behaviourist approach

A

Fail to consider the influence of thought and cognitive processes as they are not observation.
Could be regarded as being too narrow

year 1 Psychology (48 decks)

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