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2nd Yr Spring > Animal Nutrition I > Flashcards

Animal Nutrition I Flashcards

1
Q

3 needs to satisfy an adequate diet of an animal

A

Fuel
Organic raw materials for biosynthesis
Essential nutrients

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2
Q

Activities than an animal needs nutrients for

A

Maintenance
Foetal growth
Movement
Milk/wool production
Growth

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3
Q

6 nutrients required by an animal

A

Amino acids
Energy
Fatty acids
Vitamins
Minerals
Water

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4
Q

Maintenance (def.)

A

The energy needed for vital functions, regardless of production

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5
Q

Difference between food and nutrients

A

Food - the edible material (grass, hay)
Nutrients - specific components of food that are digestible, which can be utilised

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6
Q

How are CHO and protein digested in a ruminant?

A

Microbial fermentation

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7
Q

What are CHO and protein broken down into?

A

CHO = VFA
Protein = microbial protein

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8
Q

Overall function of the GI tract

A

Prehension
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption of food
Elimination of solid waste material

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9
Q

pH of pig saliva

A

7.3

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10
Q

Coprophagy (def.)

A

Animals that ingest faeces

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11
Q

3 salivary glands in the mouth and where they’re located

A

Parasitoids - in front of each ear
Submandibular - on each lower jaw
Sublingual - under the tongue

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12
Q

Saliva composition

A

99% water
1% inorganic salts
Mucin
Alpha amylase
Complex lysozymes

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13
Q

What animals do not have salivary amylase?

A

Horse, dog, cat

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14
Q

What does alpha amylase in pigs hydrolyse?

A

The alpha (1-4) glucan links that are found in polysaccharides which contain 3+ alpha (1-4) D glucose units

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15
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

Produce pepsinogen
Secrete HCl
Acts as a barrier to harmful microorganisms

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16
Q

What region in the stomach produces mucus?

A

The cardiac region, fundic region, and pyloric region

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17
Q

Capacity of an adult pig stomach

A

8L

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18
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Produce insulin

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19
Q

Where is the site of main nutrient absorption?

A

Jejunum

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20
Q

What 4 enzymes are secreted by the pancreas?

A

Chymotrypsin
Trypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Pancreatic amylase

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21
Q

What enzyme breaks down lactose?

A

Lactase (into glucose and galactose)

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22
Q

3 ways villi drain into lymphatic system

A

An arteriole
A lacteal
Venules

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23
Q

Feeding strategy of goats/sheep

A

Intermediate feeders

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24
Q

3 sections of the large intestine

A

Caecum
Colon
Rectum

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25
Q

Longest section of the Large Intestine in the pig

A

Colon

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26
Q

Forms that CHOs are digested as

A

Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)

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27
Q

Main site of water absorption

A

Large intestine

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28
Q

3 VFAs produced in a pig’s large intestine

A

Acetic
Propionic
Butyric

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29
Q

5 specialised organs in poultry animals

A

Beak
Crop
Proventriculus
Gizzard
Cloaca

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30
Q

What makes the cloaca a specialised organ?

A

It’s a common chamber and has purpose for digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

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31
Q

What makes hindgut fermenters different?

A

Large intestine is more complex and much bigger than monogastrics

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32
Q

How are the glucose beta glucoside links broken down in a hindgut fermenter?

A

In the large intestine, hydrolysed by cellulase

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33
Q

4 regions in the stomach

A

Oesophageal
Cardic
Fundic
Pyloric

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34
Q

What fibre is not digestible by pigs?

A

Beta glucan

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35
Q

Amount of saliva produced by a sheep per day

A

7L

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36
Q

Chambers of a ruminant stomach

A

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum

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37
Q

What stimulates rumination?

A

The stimulation of the epithelium at the anterior end of the rumen (determined by roughage content)

38
Q

Amount of saliva a cow produces per day

A

150L

39
Q

Function of buffering compounds and mucin

A

Buffering compounds - maintain rumen pH
Mucin - prevents bloat

40
Q

Difference between a monogastric and ruminant oesophagus

A

A ruminant oesophagus has striated muscle along its entire length, a monogastric doesn’t

41
Q

pH of the rumen

A

5.5-6.5

42
Q

How much of a ruminants day is taken up by rumination?

A

1/3

43
Q

Are protease enzymes present in the saliva of a ruminant?

A

No

44
Q

2 types of m/o present in the rumen and reticulum of a ruminant

A

Bacteria and protozoa

45
Q

What is non-protein nitrogen (NPN)?

A

Components which are not proteins but can be converted to proteins by rumen microbes (eg. urea, ammonia)

46
Q

When is metabolizable protein digested?

A

Pre- or post-ruminally
MP is used for milk protein synthesis

47
Q

Function of soluble protein

A

A readily available nitrogen source for rumen microbes. It is then degraded in the rumen to ammonia

48
Q

What are the non-structural carbohydrates composed of?

A

Starch and sugars

49
Q

What is the most common measure of structural carbohydrates?

A

Neutral detergent fibre

50
Q

What is the difference between the composition of a neutral detergent fibre and an acid detergent fibre?

A

NDF is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin
ADF is composed of cellulose and lignin

51
Q

When are VFAs produced?

A

When carbohydrates undergo microbial fermentation

52
Q

How are amino acids transported to the rumen

A

Inside microbial cells

53
Q

The fate of the amino acids inside the microbial cells is determined by the availability of energy. What will happen if energy is available?

A

AA will be used directly for microbial protein synthesis

54
Q

What will happen if energy is limiting?

A

AA will be dominated by microbes releasing ammonia and their C-skeleton. The C-skeleton will then be fermented into VFAs

55
Q

What type of amino acids are bacteria capable of synthesising?

A

Both essential and non-essential AA

56
Q

What happens in the rumen when the ammonia requirement is in excess?

A

Ammonia is absorbed in the blood and carried to the liver where it is converted to urea

57
Q

What happens to the urea produced?

A

The urea may be returned to the rumen via saliva or through the rumen wall. Majority is excreted in the urine (wasted)

58
Q

Examples of Non-Protein Nitrogen

A

Urea
Biuret
Ammonia

59
Q

What enzyme is used to produce urea from ammonia?

A

Urease

60
Q

What form of protein provides a greater diversity of amino acids than microbial protein?

A

Rumen degradable protein
Rumen undegradable protein
Escape rumen degradable protein

61
Q

What are the two most likely limitations to microbial protein synthesis?

A

Energy availability
Ammonia availability

62
Q

What is the biological value of microbial protein?

A

Approx 80%

63
Q

Which are more efficient at protein utilisation; monogastrics or ruminants?

A

Monogastrics can convert 85% of the nitrogen absorbed to tissue protein while ruminants are only 25% efficient in nitrogen use

64
Q

In ruminants, where does the other 75% nitrogen go?

A

50% urine
25% excreted in faeces

65
Q

Is ammonia toxic to cells?

A

Yes. Excess is immediately absorbed through the rumen wall and transferred to the liver where it is converted to urea.

66
Q

What are some additives that reduce nitrogen loss?

A

Ionophores
Essential oils which can contain volatile fractions of plants
Tannins

67
Q

What are carbohydrates composed of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

68
Q

What determines how much milk or meat an animal will produce?

A

The amount of energy consumed

69
Q

How do plants store glucose?

A

As amylose or amylopectin

70
Q

What is the benefit of glucose being stored in polymeric form?

A

It minimises osmotic effects

71
Q

What is amylose?

A

A glucose polymer with α(1->4) linkages

72
Q

What is a reducing end?

A

The end of the polysaccharide with an anomeric C1 not involved in a glycosidic bond

73
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

A glucose polymer with mainly α(1->4) linkages

74
Q

What do the branches in amylopectin provide?

A

Multiple chain ends at which enzymatic cleavage can occur

75
Q

What is the glucose storage polymer in animals called?

A

Glycogen

76
Q

What does the highly branched structure of glycogen permit?

A

Rapid glucose release from glycogen stores (eg. muscle during exercise)

77
Q

What is a major constituent of plant cell walls?

A

Cellulose

78
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

Trypsin (cleaves proteins at basic AA)
Chymotrypsin (cleaves proteins at aromatic AA)
Carboxypeptidase (takes of terminal acid group from protein)
Pancreatic amylase (degrades carbohydrates)

79
Q

Small intestinal enzymes and what they break down..

A

Sucrase: sucrose-> glucose + fructose
Maltase: maltose -> glucose
Isomaltase: maltose
Lactase: lactose -> glucose + galactose
Intestinal lipase: fatty acids

80
Q

Which enzyme do monogastrics lack?

A

Cellulase (to digest the carbohydrate cellulose)

81
Q

What is the main digestive gland in the body?

A

Pancreas

82
Q

Which region of the intestine produces the most VFA’s in pigs?

A

Colon

83
Q

Which m/o is the most abundant in the rumen of a mature ruminant?

A

Bacteria

84
Q

Which region of the ruminant stomach makes up the largest portion of the calf digestive tract?

A

Abomasum

85
Q

What food supplement maximises rumen development?

A

Concentrates

86
Q

Which of the VFA’s has the most influence on rumen development?

A

Butyric acid

87
Q

What is the main glucose transporter in the small intestine of pigs and poultry?

A

SGLT1

88
Q

What molecules is made up of chains of glucose linked by beta (1-4) linkages?

A

Cellulose

89
Q

Which enzyme breaks down starch?

A

Amylase

90
Q

What is the main region of nutrient absorption in pigs?

A

Jejunum

2nd Yr Spring (8 decks)

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