Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2nd Yr Spring > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the small self-replicating DNA molecule found in bacteria that can be used as a cloning vector

A

Plasmid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DNA agarose gel electrophoresis

A

DNA migrates from the negative to the positive electrode
Ultraviolet (UV) light is used to visualise the DNA bands in the gel
Ethidium bromide binds to the double stranded DNA
Smaller DNA molecules migrate faster than larger DNA molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What enzyme is used to seal the DNA sugar phosphate backbone between the cloning vector DNA and the DNA insert during molecular cloning

A

DNA ligase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the theoretical number of polymer chain reaction (PCR) amplicons expected after forty cycles with a starting number of 1 target sequence

A

c) 1 X 2^40 = 1,099,511,627,776

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

5) During a typical polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycle DNA samples are first heated to 94oC and then cooled to 55oC and then heated again to 72oC. What are each of the different temperature steps

A

c) 94oC = DNA denaturation step 55oC = primer annealing step 72oC = enzyme extension step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Components of a typical PCR reaction

A

Taq DNA polymerase enzyme
dATP,dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP nucleotides
Synthetic single stranded oligonucleotide DNA primers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The method of sequencing DNA using dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs) is called what

A

The Sanger DNA sequencing method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the correct name for the widely used gene that allows bacterial colonies carrying a DNA insert to be selected during the molecular cloning process based on their ability to metabolise the sugar X gal

A

LacZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the target region of a genome that is amplified during the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

Amplicon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nitrogenous bases found in biological DNA

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the enzyme DNA polymerases

A

Catalyses the synthesis of a new DNA molecule using a template DNA strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the full term for the acronym mRNA

A

Messenger ribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The biochemical process of translation is carried out by which molecule

A

The ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examine the coding DNA sequence of a gene below (note only one of the strands is shown). A mutation has been discovered in this gene which changes a guanine nucleotide (G) to a adenine nucleotide (A) (Note the mutation is highlighted in underline and bold). The coding sequence of the normal gene and the mutated sequence of the gene are shown
Normal DNA sequence: TAC GGG CCC GTG
Normal mRNA sequence: AUG CCC GGG CAC
Normal polypeptide sequence: Met Pro Gly His
Mutant DNA sequence: TAC GG CCC GTA
Mutant mRNA sequence: AUG CCC GGG CAU
Mutant polypeptide sequence: Met Pro Gly His

A

Silent mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When snapdragon plants that produce red flowers are crossed with snapdragon plants that produce white flowers the resulting offspring produce pink flowers. What Is the genetic term used to describe this phenomenon

A

Incomplete dominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who is considered to be the father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the meaning of the genetic term epistasis

A

One gene alters the expression of another gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the correct description for a diploid organism with a pair of identical alleles for a character

A

Homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Do prokaryotic cells produce a nuclear membrane?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many rounds of cell division take place in eukaryotic meiotic cell division

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The chromatin in eukaryotic cell nuclei consists of ——-

A

DNA and Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

If mottled overo stallions are matted with mottled overo mares what would the phenotypic proportions of foals born

A

50% mottled overo foals 25% solid coloured foals 25% pure white still born foals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A scientist crosses two true breeding varieties of pea plant. The first variety consists of plants that always produce yellow and round seeds. The second variety consists of plants that always produce green and wrinkled seeds. The F1 hybrid mating consists of plants that produce yellow and round seeds. What is the expected ratio of phenotypes in the F2 generation that is produced from mating the F1 plants with each other

A

9 Yellow Round 3 Yellow Wrinkled 3 Green Round 1 Green Wrinkled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does r RNA stand for

A

Ribosomal RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the definition of the term cell cycle

A

The series of events in a eukaryotic cell from one cell division to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The ovine haploid chromosome number is 27. Ignoring recombination how many chromosomal combinations can result during meitotic cell division in sheep

A

2^27 = 134,217,728

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the term used to describe the genotype of an X linked gene in male mammals

A

Hemizygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the definition of the term pleiotrophy

A

The genetic effect of a single gene on multiple phenotypic traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What process can enhance the evolutionary adaptation of a species to its environment

A

Natural or artifical selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The frequency of cystic fibrosis (a recessive genetic disorder) in Ireland is approximately 1 in 1600. Therefore assuming Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium which of the answers below represents the best estimate of the frequency of the mutant cystic fibrosis allele in the Irish population

A

0.025

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Who first developed the concept of the genetic linkage map

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan and Alfred Sturtevant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A colour blind woman has children with a man who has normal vision. What are the expected offspring proportions from this mating

A

50% carrier females 50% colour blind males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

S Wright, J.B.S Haldane and R.A fisher initiated which branch of genetics

A

Population genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In a region of west Africa with a high incidence of malaria, the frequency of sickle cell anaemia (a recessive genetic disorder) in the human population is 1 in 30. Therefore assuming Hardy Weinberg Equation (HWE) which of the answers below represents the best estimate of the mutant sickle cell anaemia in this population

A

0.18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Scientific evidence suggests that the cheetah (Acinoyx Jubatus) has undergone how many population constrictions that led to reductions in genetic variation

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

An evolutionary founder event will act to

A

Increase genetic drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the definition of the term genetic linkage

A

The relationship between two genes that are physically close on the same chromosome and tend to be transmitted from parents to offspring as a single unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are removed from transcribed protein coding RNA during mRNA processing in eukaryotes

A

Introns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What can cause mutation in the sequence or structure of DNA molecules

A

Exposure to chemical mutagen
Exposure to X Ray radiation
Exposure to Ultra Violet (UV) radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The biochemical process of transcription is carried out by which molecule

A

RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The ribosome is composed of

A

Protein and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Who discovered the three dimensional structure of DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Terms relating to the structure of DNA

A

Hydrogen bond
Purine
Pyrimidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the function of the retroviral enzyme reverse transcriptase

A

Transcribes a DNA molecule from a single stranded viral RNA template

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the Sanger laboratory method used for

A

Determining the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the theoretical number of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons expected after 40 cycles with a starting number of 10 sequences

A

10 X 2^40= 10, 995, 116, 277, 760

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which is the name for a widely used gene that confers resistance to an antibiotic during bacterial cloning of recombinant DNA

A

amp^R

48
Q

Methods used to produce transgenic animals

A

Microinjection of foreign DNA into embryo pro nuclei
Replacement of an oocyte nucleus with the nucleus of a transgenic donor cell
Use of modified retroviruses as vectors to carry genes into an embryo

49
Q

What bacterial species can be used to produce transgenic plants using recombinant TI plasmids

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

50
Q

What does the Ti stand for in Ti plasmid

A

Tumour inducing

51
Q

Transgenic golden rice was developed to alleviate deficiency of what vitamin in certain human populations

A

Vit A

52
Q

Processes that occur in the eukaryotic cells nucleus

A

DNA replication, RNA processing, Transcription

53
Q

With respect to population genetics, a gene pool consists of

A

The total of all alleles across all genetic loci in a population

54
Q

What was the mechanism of the evolution of species proposed by Charles Darwin in the Origin of Species published in 1859

A

Natural Selection

55
Q

Characteristics of a codon

A

Its consists of three nucleotides
It never codes for one or more amino acids
It’s the basic unit of genetic code

56
Q

Cellular components involved in translation

A

Mature mRNA
tRNA
Ribosomes

57
Q

The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is

A

Complementary to the corresponding mRNA molecule

58
Q

What is the size of the haploid human genome in base pairs

A

3.2 Giga base pairs (Gbp)

59
Q

The combined human genome consists of the nuclear genome and the ….

A

Mitochondrial genome

60
Q

What is meant by the term genetic drift

A

The random fluctuations in a populations genetic structure due to chance over time

61
Q

Examine the following mature m RNA sequence 5’ AUG-AAA-GCG-UUU-UGA-3’. Using genetic code what is the correct sequence of amino acids specified by this frame

A

MET – LYS – ALA- SER – PHE – STOP

62
Q

Genetic studies have revealed a death of genetic variation in the Northern Elephant Seal populations. What is the major contributing factor that has resulted in this lack of variation

A

A major population bottleneck effect in the 19th Century

63
Q

What force of microevolution permits populations to become better adapted to their environment

A

Natural Selection

64
Q

What are the correct temperatures at each stage of a typical PCR reaction

A

Temp A = 55oC Temp B= 72oC Temp C =94oC

65
Q

Flower colour in peas is controlled by a single gene for which there are two alleles P=Purple and p=white. Purple flower colour is dominant to white. The plant is homozygous for purple and for white flowers. What are the expected genotype frequencies of the offspring

A

All offspring will have a Pp genotype

66
Q

A point mutation which causes the reading frame of m RNA molecule to be altered is called

A

Frameshift mutation

67
Q

Physical and chemical agents that are mutagens

A

UV light
X Ray
Atomic Radiation

68
Q

What enzyme is responsible for synthesising m RNA under the direction of the genes DNA sequence

A

RNA polymerase

69
Q

How many stop codons are there in the genetic code

A

3

70
Q

Conditions of the Hardy Weinberg Theorem (HWE)

A

The population must be very large
No natural selection occurs in the population
Random mating is occurring in the population

71
Q

The biochemical process of transcription is carried out by which molecule

A

RNA polymerase

72
Q

How many start and stop codons are there in the genetic code

A

4

73
Q

What is the name given to a model of DNA replication whereby the two DNA strand parental molecule separate and each single strand then functions as a template for the new complementary strand

A

Semi conservative replication

74
Q

What molecule is responsible for transferring the correct amino acid at the size of translation

A

Transfer RNA

75
Q

Under the assumption of the Hardy Weinberg Equation (HWE) what would be the expected genotypic frequencies for a gene with two alleles (A and a) where the frequency of A allele p is 0.60 and the frequency of the a allele q is 0.40

A

AA = 0.36 aa = 0.16 Aa = 0.48

76
Q

The bovine haploid number is 30. Ignoring recombination how many chromosomal combinations can result during meitotic cell division in cattle

A

2^30 = 1,073,741,824

77
Q

What codon sequence represents the eukaryotic START codon

A

AUG

78
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

79
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick along with Maurice Wilkins won the Nobel Prize in 1962 for what scientific breakthrough reported in 1953

A

The elucidation of the 3 dimensional structure of DNA

80
Q

Description of metaphase in mitosis

A

The cells chromosomes align along a central plain in the dividing cell

81
Q

During the cell cycle when is the cells genetic material (i.e. the genome) replicated

A

S phase

82
Q

Colour blindness in humans is an X linked recessive disorder. A female who is colour blind marries a colour blind man. If the couple have children what will the phenotypes of the offspring be

A

All children will be colour blind

83
Q

When short horn cattle with red coat colour are bred with short horn cattle with white coat the resulting progeny all display roan coat colour in which red hairs are intermingled with white hairs. This genetic phenomenon is an example of

A

Co-dominance

84
Q

What is mitosis

A

A form of cell division in which a diploid parent gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells

85
Q

Functions of mitosis

A

Cell repair
Organism growth
Organism development

86
Q

Composition of chromatin

A

A complex of DNA and protein

87
Q

What is the name of the pentose sugar found in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

88
Q

What is the name of the organelle that facilitates the translation of messenger RNA into a polypeptide

A

Ribosome

89
Q

What is meiosis

A

A form of cell division in which a diploid parent cell gives rise to four genetically different haploid gametes

90
Q

Haploid number of human chromosome

A

n = 23

91
Q

Factors that contribute to the genetic variation that arises between generations

A

Independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis
The crossing over of non -sister chromatids during meiosis
Random fertilisation of gametes

92
Q

What molecule is responsible for transferring the correct amino acid at the site of a codon during translation

A

tRNA

93
Q

Who wrote the book on the origin of the species

A

Charles Darwin

94
Q

The frequency of a recessive genetic disease causing allele q in a population is estimated at 0.2. The population is comprised of 1000 individuals. Assuming Hardy Weinberg Equation how many individuals are predicted to be affected by the disorder.

A

40

95
Q

Positive natural selection will act to…

A

Increase the frequency of a favourite allele in a population

96
Q

What’s the most extreme form of inbreeding

A

Self-fertilisation

97
Q

Microevolution definition

A

The change in allele and/or genotype frequencies of a population from one generation to the next

98
Q

What’s the phenomenon called where some transfer RNA anticodons recognise two or more different codons

A

Wobble

99
Q

Sequence of events during the process of gene expression

A

DNA – RNA – polypeptide – protein

100
Q

What insect is considered to be the workhorse of genetics

A

The fruit fly (Drosophilia Monogaster)

101
Q

Who first developed the concept of the genetic map

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan and Alfred Sturtevant

102
Q

What percentage of transgenic offspring would be expected using transgenesis by transfer of transfected nuclei?

A

1-5%

103
Q

A coenocyte is…

A

A multinucleated cell generated from multiple nuclear divisions without cytokinesis

104
Q

What is the theoretical number of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons expected after 35 cycles with a starting number of 20 target sequences?

A

20 x 2^35 = 687,194,767,360

105
Q

The dwarf phenotype in Dexter cattle is associated with a lethal recessive allele. The lethal recessive condition is termed ‘bulldog’, which gives rise to stillborn calves with severe facial deformities. Male dwarf Dexter cattle are crossed with female dwarf Dexter cattle. What would be the expected phenotypic proportions of the offspring produced?

A

50% dwarf calves | 25% normal-sized calves | 25% stillborn ‘bulldog’ calves

106
Q

ABO blood group system in humans is controlled by…

A

Controlled by a single gene with two codominant alleles and one recessive allele

107
Q

What term relates to the structure of double-stranded DNA?

A

Hydrogen bond

108
Q

Alan and Betty are both carriers (heterozygotes) for a recessive genetic disorder. If Alan and Betty have two children, what is the probability that only one of the two children will be affected by this genetic disorder?

A

0.2500

109
Q

Sickle cell anaemia (a recessive genetic disorder) affects approximately 1 in 130 people in Cameroon, a country in West Africa. Therefore, assuming HardyWeinberg Equilibrium (HWE), which of the answers below represents the best estimate of the frequency of the mutant sickle cell allele in the Cameroonian population?

A

0.088

110
Q

The genetic distance between two genes is 7 centimorgans (cM). What is the expected recombination frequency between these two genes?

A

0.07

111
Q

Who showed that the material in dead bacterial cells that can genetically transform living bacterial cells is actually DNA?

A

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarthy

112
Q

A colour-blind man has children with a woman who is a carrier for this genetic trait. What are the expected offspring proportions from this mating?

A

50% carrier females | 25% colour-blind males | 25% normal males

113
Q

The incidence of cystic fibrosis (a recessive genetic disorder) in Germany is approximately 1 in 3,300. Therefore, assuming Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE), which of the answers below represents the best estimate of the frequency of the mutant cystic fibrosis allele in the German population?

A

0.0174

114
Q

The term endosymbiosis refers to what biological phenomena?

A

A scientific theory for the origin of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts

115
Q

The term ‘semi-conservative’ is used to refer to the mechanism governing which of the following molecular biological processes?

A

Replication of DNA

116
Q

Under the assumption of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), what would be the expected genotype frequencies for a gene with two alleles (‘A’ and ‘a’) where the frequency of the ‘A’ allele (p) is 0.70 and the frequency of the ‘a’ allele (q) is 0.30?

A

AA = 0.49
aa = 0.09
Aa = 0.42

2nd Yr Spring (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions