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2nd Yr Spring > Earth & Humanity > Flashcards

Earth & Humanity Flashcards

1
Q

According to Brian Tucker, by how much is global population set to increase by 2024?
Question 1 options:
a) 2 billion.
b) 2 million.
c) 6 billion.
d) 6 million.

A

a

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2
Q

According to Brian Tucker where is international aid usually directed in earthquake-prone regions in developing countries?
Question 2 options:
a) Post-disaster relief efforts.
b) Earthquake preparedness programmes.
c) Earthquake mitigation relief.
d) Funds are distributed equally between pre-disaster mitigation efforts and post-disaster relief efforts.

A

a

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3
Q

According to the Brian Tucker, why has seismic safety improved in developed countries?
Question 3 options:
a) Better building codes.
b) Better land-use codes.
c) Better enforcement of the above codes.
d) All of the above.

A

d

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4
Q

Which of the following is the lower estimate of the cost of the 2010 earthquake to Haiti?
Question 4 options:
a) 120% of gross domestic product (GDP).
b) 100% of gross domestic product (GDP).
c) 50% of gross domestic product (GDP).
d) 10% of gross domestic product (GDP).

A

a

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5
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?
Question 5 options:
a) More people died in the 2010 earthquake in Haiti than the substantially stronger 2010 earthquake in Chile.
b) The 2010 earthquake in Chile was stronger than the 2010 earthquake in Haiti and resulted in more deaths.
c) The 2010 earthquake in Chile was not as strong as the 2010 earthquake in Haiti thus explaining the lower death toll in the Chilean earthquake.
d) The 2010 earthquake in Haiti was of similar strength to the 2010 earthquake in Chile and resulted in a similar death toll.

A

a

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6
Q

Which of the following most closely approximates the death toll of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti?
Question 6 options:
a) Approximately 230, 000 deaths.
b) Approximately 130, 000 deaths.
c) Approximately 30, 000 deaths.
d) Approximately 500 deaths.

A

a

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7
Q

Which of the following contributed to the difference in the number of deaths between the 2010 earthquake in Haiti and the 2010 earthquake in Chile?
Question 7 options:

a) Building location.
b) Building design.
c) Building construction.
d) All of the above.

A

d

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8
Q

Which building types experienced the most damage during the 2010 earthquake in Haiti?
Question 8 options:
a) Moderately expensive structures with reinforced concrete columns and slabs but concrete block walls that were not reinforced.
b) Low quality, shanty housing made of wood and corrugated metal.
c) Top-end, seismically designed structures.
d) All building types experienced equal damage.

A

a

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9
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?
Question 9 options:
a) Before the 2010 earthquake, Haiti had one seismologist but no functioning earthquake-monitoring system.
b) Before the 2010 earthquake, Haiti had a functioning earthquake-monitoring system but no seismologist.
c) Before the 2010 earthquake, Haiti had neither a functioning earthquake-monitoring system nor a seismologist.
d) Before the 2010 earthquake, Haiti had a functioning earthquake-monitoring system and one seismologist.

A

a

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10
Q

According to the Great California Shakeout what should you do in an earthquake?
Question 10 options:
a) Drop.
b) Cover.
c) Hold on.
d) All of the above and in that order.

A

d

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11
Q

Which of the following suggests that the modern day island of Ithaki was not the homeland of Odysseus?
Question 1 options:
a) It is not west-facing.
b) It is not the farthest island out to sea.
c) It is mountainous rather than low-lying.
d) All of the above

A

d

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12
Q

How much Holocene uplift has taken place in Kefalonia?
Question 2 options:
a) Around 6 m.
b) Around 180 m.
c) None.
d) Around 60 cm.

A

a

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13
Q

The Nifi landslide in November 2007 was triggered by
Question 3 options:
a) wet weather conditions.
b) a magnitude 7.2 earthquake.
c) a thrust fault.
d) borehole drilling.

A

a

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14
Q

Which of the following statements are correct?
Question 4 options:

a) The borehole drilled in October 2006 did not encounter any solid Palaeogene limestone.
b) The borehole drilled in October 2006 encountered solid Palaeogene limestone at a depth of 40 m.
c) The borehole drilled in October 2006 encountered solid Palaeogene limestone at a depth of 100 m.
d) The borehole drilled in October 2006 encountered Miocene Marl at a depth of 20 m.

A

a

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15
Q

If the hypothesis is correct, and the Paliki peninsula was Homer’s Ithaca, which of the following is the most likely candidate for the missing island of Doulichion?
Question 5 options:
a) Modern day Ithaki.
b) Modern day Kefalonia.
c) Modern day Paliki.
d) Modern day Zacynthos.

A

a

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16
Q

What is the limit of subsurface penetration for the resistivity survey carried out in the Thinia Valley?
Question 6 options:
a) Circa 90 m.
b) Circa 122 m
c) Circa 180 m
d) No limitation.

A

a

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17
Q

Which of the following is correct?
Question 7 options:
a) Solid bedrock has higher resistivity than loose unconsolidated rockfall material.
b) Loose unconsolidated rockfall material has higher resistivity than solid bedrock.
c) There is no difference in resistivity between solid bedrock and loose unconsolidated rockfall material.
d) Salt water has high resistivity.

A

a

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18
Q

Which of the following is correct?
Question 8 options:
a) Homer was an epic poet of Ancient Greece.
b) Homer produced the world’s first geography book.
c) Homer was a Greek hero who fought in the Trojan War.
d) None of the above.

A

a

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19
Q

How might the marine fossil Emiliania huxleyi have become incorporated into the landslide debris recovered in the October 2006 borehole?
Question 9 options:
a) By a tsunami event.
b) By the intermingling of high-volume rockfall with the water below.
c) They may have been deposited on pre-rockfall surfaces by wind.
d) Not known for sure but all of the above are possible.

A

d

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20
Q

Which of the following is correct?
Question 10 options:
a) The proposed route of Strabo’s channel lies wholly in Miocene marl outcrop.
b) The proposed route of Strabo’s channel lies wholly in Miocene conglomerate outcrop.
c) The proposed route of Strabo’s channel lies wholly in Palaeogene limestone outcrop.
d) The proposed route of Strabo’s channel lies wholly in Cretaceous limestone outcrop.

A

a

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21
Q

Why was specularite rather than ordinary haematite the sought after mineral in the Lion Cave?

A

More accessible, unmined deposits of haematite found nearby that did not contain specularite

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22
Q

What was the purpose of the iron ore extracted in the Lion Cave c.43,000 years ago

A

Use as pigment

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23
Q

Main mineral of interest of early miners Rudna Glava c.7,000 years ago

A

Malachite

24
Q

What was the culture of the early miners in Rudna Glava?

A

Vinca culture

25
Q

What was the principle mineral mined in Gava?

A

Variscite

26
Q

Purpose of phosphate mined at Gava?

A

Jewellery

27
Q

What is the most likely explanation for why the lower of the three flint horizons was the main target of the Neolithic Flint mine in the Grimes Graves?

A

It was easier to flake, less flawed & had a more lustrous black colour than the other horizons

28
Q

Why did the Romans mine gold in Spain?

A

To use the gold for currency

29
Q

A feature of Roman Hydraulic mining?

A

The Booming Technique

30
Q

What suggests the large quantities of water were not required to cause collapse of overburden at Roman gold mines in NW Spain?

A

The fact no upstream reservoirs were constructed. The ditches (aqueducts) supplying the water do not show evidence of significant erosion & the reservoirs built on top of the slopes to be collapsed were small

31
Q

Earliest human site at Mount Sandel?

A

c. 10,000 BP

32
Q

How do we know the age of the human site discovered in Mount Sandel?

A

Radiocarbon dating of burnt hazelnut shells

33
Q

How do we know the site at Mount Sandel was occupied in the spring?

A

Bones of young boar found at the site

34
Q

Evidence to suggest they stored food at Mount Sandel?

A

Hazelnuts found among bones of young wild boar, suggests they had been stored over the winter

35
Q

How were the microlith tools (tiny flint tools measuring c.2cm in length) likely used at Mount Sandel?

A

Set into the edges of bone or wood to be used as barbs or knife edges

36
Q

Last time flora & fauna migrated to Ireland from Britain via low-lying land connection?

A

Before 16,000BP

37
Q

Oldest known boat? - Mt Sandel

A

10,000BP

38
Q

What to expect when an ice sheet melts?

A

Crustal rebound in formerly glaciated region, increase/decrease in sea level, all are possible depending on the proximity of the former ice sheet

39
Q

From the Paleogeographic reconstructions, what is not taken into account? - Mt Sandel

A

Changes to topography/bathymetry as a result of erosion and/or deposition

40
Q

What technique is used to map the seabed?

A

Multi-beam sonar

41
Q

Brain Tucker estimates population to increase by X by 2024?

A

2 Billion

42
Q

What contributed to the different number of deaths between 2010 Haiti and 2010 Chile?

A

Building location, Design, & Construction

43
Q

Tectonic setting of Iceland?

A

Rests above a mantle plume and a divergent boundary

44
Q

Phredamagmatic eruptions are?

A

Explosive eruptions that result when water interacts with magma

45
Q

According to Gudmundsson and Pederson 2010, how much did it cost the aviation industry each day when flights were grounded?

A

$250 million

46
Q

Jokulhlaups is a…

A

Burst of meltwater from beneath a glacier that can cause severe flooding

47
Q

What is commonly used to monitor active volcanoes?

A

GPS, Tiltmeters & Seismometers

48
Q

What can be experienced during a volcanic ash fall?

A

Respiratory problems, eye irritation, skin irritation

49
Q

How do volcanic ash particles affect jet engines?

A

They clog important sensors, they prevent the pneumatics from working well. Melted particles can clump together on the turbine blades causing the engine to shut down

50
Q

What caused the closure of European airspace during the 15th-20th April 2010?

A

North westerly, westerly winds

51
Q

What suggests modern day Ithaki was not the homeland?

A

It is not west facing, it is not the farthest island out to sea, it is mountainous rather than low lying

52
Q

How much did the Holocene uplift Kefalonia?

A

Around 6m

53
Q

Nifi Landslide 2007, triggered by?

A

Wet weather conditions

54
Q

If the hypothesis is correct, the Paliki peninsula was Homer’s Ithaca, which is the missing island of Doulichan?

A

Modern Day Ithaki

55
Q

What is the limit of subsurface penetration for the resistivity survey carried out in the Thinia Valley?

A

c. 90m

56
Q

How high did the marine fossil Emiliana Huxleyi have become incorporated into the landslide debris recovered in the October 2006 Borehole?

A

Possibilities -> a tsunami event, by the intermingling of high-volume rockfall with the water below. They may have been deposited on pre-rockfall surface by wind

57
Q

When did the Kalta Volcano last erupt?

A

1918

2nd Yr Spring (8 decks)

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