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VM639: Virology > Herpesviridae (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Herpesviridae (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of herpesviridae?

A

Large
Enveloped
Icosahedral
Latency!!!

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2
Q

What are the subfamilies of herpesviridae?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae
Betaherpesvirinae
Gammaherpresvirinae

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3
Q

What are the general characteristics of alphaherpesvirinae (5)?

A

Restricted natural host range
Cause more severe disease than in other herpesvirus species
Rapid replication and lysis of tissue
Rapid cytopathic effect in cell culture
Latency established in sensory ganglia and lymphoid tissues

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4
Q

What are the general characteristics of Betaherpesvirinae (4)?

A

Highly restricted host range
Slow replication
Cytomegalia in cells
Latency in secretory glands, lymphoreticular cells, kidneys

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5
Q

What are general characteristics of Gammaherpresvirinae (4)?

A

Restricted host range
Replication in lymphoblastoid (T or B) cells, some viruses cause oncogenic transformation
Some viruses can cause lytic infections in epitheloid and fibroblastic cells
Latency in lymphoid tissue

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6
Q

What are the specific structural components of herpesviridae?

A

Enveloped, lipid, pleomorphic, contains glycoproteins
Tegument, amorphous contains proteins
Icosahedral nucleocapsid
Fragile in the environment, with exceptions

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7
Q

Where does replication occur in herpesviridae?

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

Describe the 3 types infection for herpesviridae

A
  1. Lytic infection
  2. Latent (persistent) infection)
  3. Reactivation/recrudescence
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9
Q

What are the steps of the lytic infection of herpesviridae? (5)

A
  1. Entry via direct fusion with cell membrane
  2. Nucleocapsid is transported to and the genome released into the nucleus of the cell
  3. Early, middle, late gene structures transcribed and translated
  4. Virus assembles in the nucleus and buds through the nuclear and cell membranes
  5. Infectious virus is released by cell lysis
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10
Q

What are the steps of the latent infection of herpesviridae? (3)

A
  1. Entry of alphaherpesvirus into sensory nerve endings and transport of nucleocapsids to neuronal cell body and nucleus
  2. Viral DNA occurs as episomes in 1% of neurons in a ganglia
  3. Latency-associated transcripts (LAT) are expressed during latency
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11
Q

What are the steps of reactivation of herpesviridae? (5)

A
  1. Stimulated by stress, UV light, hormonal changes associated with menstrual cycle, pregnancy, parturition, fever, decreased immune function due to age, malnutrition, and immunodeficiencies
  2. Limited replication occurs in neurons
  3. Virions are transported down axons and released from neurons
  4. Lytic replication occurs in epithelial cells/other tissues, produces infectious virus
  5. Limited by the immune response
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12
Q

What is the etiologic agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis?

A

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV1)

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13
Q

What are diseases/symptoms caused by bovine herpesvirus-1?

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), “rednose”, necrotic rhinitis/tracheitis
Conjunctivitis, pinkeye, keratitis, corneal ulcers
Pustular vulvovaginitis, balanoposthitis
Abortions, neonatal disease

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14
Q

What is the host range of bovine herpesvirus-1?

A

Bovidae, wild ruminants

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15
Q

How is bovine herpesvirus-1 transmitted?

A

Nose-to-nose contact, inhalation of aerosolized respiratory secretions
Genital secretions, venereal transmission, AI with contaminated semen
Iatrogenic via administration of MLV vaccines to pregnant cows and neonates

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16
Q

How is bovine herpesvirus-1 shed?

A

Remains latent in tonsils, lymphoid tissues, trigeminal and sacral ganglia for life, with periodic recrudescence and shedding from the respiratory and reproductive tracts

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17
Q

Describe the steps of infection of an animal with bovine herpesvirus-1 (diagram)

A
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18
Q

What is one virus associated with bovine respiratory disease complex?

A

“Shipping fever” aka
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (bovine herpesvirus-1)

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

A

Acute onset
Fever
Depression, anorexia
Profuse nasal discharge
Red (hyperemic) crusty nose
Open-mouth breathing, extending neck, “husky” cough
Fibrinonecrotic tracheitis, hemorrhagic, suppurative, and interstitial or bronchopneumonia

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20
Q

When do abortions occur with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

A

From 4-8 months of gestation following infection of dam

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21
Q

Describe how infectious bovine rhinotracheitis abortions can be iatrogenic

A

2 to 12 weeks following vaccination of pregnant cows with modified live vaccines

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22
Q

What group is primarily infected with infectious pustular vulvovaginitis?

A

Primarily dairy cows (artificial insemination)

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23
Q

What are the clinical signs of infectious pustular vulvovaginitis?

A

Acute onset of fever, depression, anorexia
Swollen vulva, pustules progressing to ulcers of the vaginal mucosa
Severe cases: necrotic vaginitis with fatalities
Balanoposthitis in bulls, ulcers on the penis and preputial mucosae

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24
Q

What are symptoms of neonatal disease caused by bovine herpesvirus-1?

A

Weak calves, failure to thrive
Diarrhea, gastroenteritis
Pneumonia

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25
Q

How is neonatal disease created iatrogenically?

A

By administration of live BVDV and IBR containing vaccines or combined infections with very young calves

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26
Q

What is the etiological agent of herpesviral meningoencephalitis?

A

Bovine herpesvirus-5 (or BHV-1)

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of herpesviral meningoencephalitis infection?

A

Meningoencephalitis
Sporadic cases in feedlot cattle; some in dairy calves
Nonsuppurative, necrotizing meningoencephalitis

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28
Q

Where is BHV-5 found latent?

A

Trigeminal ganglion, midbrain, thalamus, olfactory nerve

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29
Q

What is the host range of herpes meningoencephalitis?

A

Domestic cattle

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30
Q

What are the etiologic agents of equine rhinopneumonitis?

A

Equine herpesvirus-1 and equine herpesvirus-4

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31
Q

What are the symptoms of equine rhinopneumonitis?

A

Rhinoneumonitis: acute respiratory infection w EHV-1 or EHV-4
Abortion: EHV-1 most commonly
Neurologic disease: EHV-1 (encephalomyelelitis, encephalomyelopathy)

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32
Q

What is the host range of equine rhinopneumonitis?

A

Horses
More than 90% of horses and infected by 1 year of age

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33
Q

How is equine rhinopneumonitis transmitted?

A

Respiratory route highly contagious
Aerosolized respiration secretions, direct contact, fomites, hands

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34
Q

How is equine rhinopneumonitis shed?

A

Latent in trigeminal ganglion and lymphoid tissue
Shed in aerosolized secretions from nasopharynx, inapparent shedding

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35
Q

What are the clinical signs of rhinopneumonitis?

A

Fever, serous nasal discharge, mucopurulent pneumonia
Subclinical infections common
Abortion 2-8wks post-infection

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36
Q

Where do outbreaks of rhinopneumonitis occur?

A

In young horses
Introduction of new stock, transport to shows, racetrack or breeding facilities
exposure to acutely or latently infected horses (no clinical signs) during a period of recrudescence and shedding of a virus

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37
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of abortion with equine rhinopneumonitis

A

Abortions: dead foals 4-11 months gestational age
Cell-associated viremia following respiratory infection of the mare
Abortions occur 2-8 weeks post-infection
Neonatal foal mortality: systemic disease, interstitial pneumonia
May occur regardless of vaccination status of the mare

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38
Q

What is the clinical presentation of herpesviral encephalomyelitis?

A

Acute onset of neurological signs (however, the disease is a subacute process)
Neuroligic signs depend on the location of lesions in the CNS
Hindlimb “lameness,” ataxia, toe-dragging
Paralysis of bladder, tail, penis
Recumbency

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39
Q

What is the pathogenesis of herpesviral encephalomyelitis?

A

Virus replicates in nasal/respiratory epithelium
Cell-associated viremia
Virus replication in endothelial cells
Causes vasculitis in CNS
Vascular damage leads to hemorrhage and thrombosis
Focal areas of ischemic necrosis in CNS

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40
Q

What is frequently reported prior to onset of disease of equine herpesviral encephalomyelitis?

A

Stress (transport, training, competition)

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41
Q

What mutation is equine herpresvirus-1 associated with?

A

Associated with specific EHV-1 strains and with a point mutation in the polymerase gene (neuropathic)

42
Q

What is the etiologic agent of equine coital exanthema?

A

Equine herpesvirus 3

43
Q

What diseases are caused by equine herpesvirus 3?

A

Coital exanthema
Herpesviral venereal disease

44
Q

What is the host range of equine herpesvirus-3?

A

Equine

45
Q

How is equine herpesvirus 3 transmitted?

A

Venereal: contact with active lesions of silent shedders
Iatrogenic: contact with AI equipment, OB sleeves

46
Q

What are the clinical presentations of equine herpesvirus-3?

A

Acute herpetic infection: vesicles, pustules, ulcers of the vaginal mucosa, penis, and prepuce, occasionally on teats, lips, nostrils of foals
Depigmentation of vulva, perineum, penis, prepuce after healing
Latent in sacral ganglion

47
Q

Equine herpesvirus 3 has ______ restricted viral replication

A

Temperature

48
Q

What diseases are caused by caprine herpesvirus-1?

A

Neonatal mortality: systemic spread, fever, abdominal pain, hemorrhagic enteritis, shock, rapid progression to death
Abortions, stillbirths
Vulvovaginitis, balanoposthitis: ulceration of preputial, penile, and vulvular mucosa

49
Q

What is the host range of caprine herpesvirus 1?

A

Domestic goats, ibex

50
Q

How is caprine herpesvirus 1 transmitted?

A

Direct contact, transplacental, venereal (introduced by infected bucks)

51
Q

What is the pathology of caprine herpesvirus 1?

A

Multifocal necrosis in liver, lung, thymus, spleen, kidney, abomasitis
Placentitis

52
Q

What is the etiologic agent of pseudorabies?

A

Porcine herpesvirus-1 aka pseudorabies virus

53
Q

What are the symptoms of pseudorabies infection?

A

Abortions: embryonic death, resorption, mummification, stillbirth, weak pigs
Respiratory/generalized disease: fever, sneezing, coughing, depression, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, constipation
Neurologic disease: incoordination, circling, convulsions, salivation

54
Q

What is the host range of pseudorabies?

A

Reservoir host: domestic/feral swine
Secondary hosts: dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, cats, raccoons, rodents

55
Q

How is pseudorabies transmitted?

A

Inhalation of aerosolized respiratory secretions, ingestion of oral secretions

56
Q

How is pseudorabies shed?

A

Via nasal and oral secretions for 2 days to >2 weeks; intermittently by recovered, latently infected swine

57
Q

What is the pathogenesis of pseudorabies?

A

Ingestion/inhlalation –> replication in oropharynx and tonsils –> spread via cranial nerves to ganglion, then via the axoplasm to the CNS–> non-suppurative meningoencephalitis and ganglioneuritis
Latent infection of cranial nerve ganglia
Viremia and spread to reproductive tract and fetuses, respiratory tract

58
Q

What is the rate of mortality of pseudorabies?

A

Decreasing mortality rate with increasing age, 100% in piglets to 2% in adults
Decreased growth rates in recovered swine
Eradication program in the US instituted in 1989 –> currently domestic swine are PRV-free

59
Q

How does pseudorabies present in secondary hosts?

A

“Mad itch”
Encephalitis, intense pruritus, self-mutilation, paralysis of jaws, salivation, frenzy
100% fatality, duration of clinical signs: hours to 6 days

60
Q

How is pseudorabies transmitted to secondary hosts?

A

Virus in saliva of infected pigs, transmission via ingestion, inhalation, bites, or wounds

61
Q

What is the host range of feline herpesvirus-1?

A

Felidae

62
Q

What are the symptoms of feline herpesvirus-1 infection?

A

Respiratory disease: sneezing, serous to mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharge, glossitis, coughing, fever
Ocular disease: conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal ulcers
Neonatal mortality: necrotizing pneumonia in kittens < 4 wks of age

63
Q

How is feline herpesvirus-1 transmitted?

A

Aerosolized respiratory secretions, direct contact, fomites

64
Q

How is feline herpesvirus-1 shed?

A

30% of clinically normal cats under shelter conditions
Latent in trigeminal ganglion
Reactivated by parturition, lactation, stress

65
Q

How is feline herpesvirus-1 prevented?

A

FHV-1 is a component of the feline core vaccine, prevents severe disease, not infection

66
Q

What are the symptoms of canine herpesvirus-1?

A

Systemic, necrotizing hemorrhagic disease and death in neonatal puppies
“Fading puppy syndrome”

67
Q

What is the host range of canine herpesvirus-1 and what is the prevalence?

A

Canidae
A common infection in domestic dogs
Seroprevalence = 20-30%

68
Q

How is canine herpesvirus-1 transmitted?

A

Oral-nasal route
Latent in sacral ganglia
Recrudescence at parturition and infection of pups via vaginal secretions
Disease in puppies may or may not recur in subsequent litters of the same bitch

69
Q

What is the incubation time for canine herpesvirus-1?

A

3 to 8 days

70
Q

What are the clinical presentations of canine herpesvirus-1?

A

Neonatal mortality: systemic, hemorrhagic disease
Puppies under 4wks of age
Abdominal pain, crying, dyspnea, rapid progression (1-2d) to death
Viral replication at 33C, role of hypothermia in generalized disease in neonatal puppies

71
Q

What is the etiologic agent of infectious laryngotrachetitis?

A

Gallid herpesvirus-1
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus

72
Q

What are the symptoms of infectious laryngotracheitis?

A

Respiratory: coughing, sneezing, dyspnea, nasal/ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, sinusitis
Decreased egg production
High morbidity, variable mortality

73
Q

What is the host range of infectious laryngotracheitis?

A

Chickens 4-18 months in age
Worldwide

74
Q

How is infectious laryngotracheitis transmitted?

A

Aerosolized respiratory secretions, mechanical, fomites

75
Q

How is infectious laryngotracheitis shed?

A

Latently infected birds

76
Q

What is the incubation period of infectious laryngotracheitis?

A

2 to 8 days

77
Q

How is infectious laryngotracheitis prevented and controlled?

A

“All-in-all-out” broiler raising systems
MLV ILT vaccines from breeders and layers

78
Q

What are the etiologic agents of Marek’s disease?

A

Gallid herpesvirus-2 serotypes
1: oncogenic viruses in chickens
2: avirulent viruses in chickens
3: avirulent viruses in turkeys

79
Q

What diseases does gallid herpesvirus-2 cause?

A

T cell lymphoma
Marek’s disease
Range paralysis

80
Q

What is the host range of gallid herpesvirus-2?

A

Chickens 12-24 weeks of age
Increased resistance with age
Worldwide occurence

81
Q

How is Marek’s disease transmitted?

A

Inhalation

82
Q

How is Marek’s disease shed?

A

Carrier birds
Replicates in feather follicles
Shed in feather dander
Durable in the environment

83
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Marek’s disease?

A

Transformation due to incorporation of “onc” genes

84
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Marek’s disease?

A

Acute Marek’s disease: acute onset, depression, ataxia, paralysis
Neuolymphomatosis: range paralysis, asymmetric paralysis of wings, limbs
Visceral lymphoma: liver, kidney, spleen, wasting, hemorrhage due to rupture
Ocular lymphomatosis: tumor infiltration of the iris, blindness
Cutaneous Marek’s disease: raised nodular lesions at feather follicles

85
Q

How is Marek’s disease prevented and controlled?

A

Vaccines: live THV, attenuated serotype I or serotype II viruses

86
Q

What diseases does psittacine herpesvirus-1 cause?

A

Pacheco’s disease (PHV1)
PD-like disease viruses (PHV2,3)

87
Q

What is the host range of psittacine herpesvirus-1?

A

Psittacines

88
Q

How is psittacine herpesvirus-1 transmitted?

A

Feces, respiratory secretions

89
Q

What is the clinical presentation of psittacine herpesvirus-1?

A

Sudden death
GI: anorexia, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, increased thirst and urination
Respiratory: conjunctivitis
CNS: depression, tremors, ataxia, opisthotonos, seizures

90
Q

What is the host specificity of betaherpesvirus infections?

A

Extremely host specific

91
Q

What diseases are caused by suid herpesvirus-2?

A

Atrophic rhinitis: sneezing, coughing, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, open-mouth breathing
Occasional stillbirths if gilt/sow is infected during pregnancy

92
Q

What is the host range of suid herpesvirus-2?

A

Suidae

93
Q

How is suid herpesvirus-2 transmitted?

A

Spread via inhalation or contact with aerosolized respiratory secretions

94
Q

What disease does alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 cause?

A

Malignant catarrhal fever

95
Q

What is the host range of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1?

A

Occurs in Africa and in zoos
Affected species: cattle, deer, antelope
Reservoir hosts: wildebeest, topi, hartebeest

96
Q

How is alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 transmitted?

A

Shed by wildebeest particularly at calving and by calves for first 90 days of life

97
Q

What disease is caused by ovine herpesvirus-2?

A

Malignant catarrhal fever

98
Q

What is the host range of ovine herpesvirus-2?

A

Occurs in North America and Europe
Affected species: cattle, deep, bison
Reservoir host: domestic sheep

99
Q

How is ovine herpesvirus-2 transmitted?

A

Sheep are infected by 1 month of age

100
Q

When is ovine herpesvirus-2 shed?

A

Peak shed at 6 months of age

101
Q

What is the clinical presentation of malignant catarrhal fever?

A

Sporadic, fatal disease of cattle, deer, bison, and other ruminants
Characterized by profuse mucopurulent nasal/ocular discharge
Keratoconjunctivitis with corneal opacity
Lymphadenopathy
Vasculitis, immunopathologic lesion
Gastroenteritis, ulceration, hemorrhage

VM639: Virology (30 decks)

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