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VM639: Virology > Parvoviridae & Circoviridae (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Parvoviridae & Circoviridae (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of parvoviridae and circoviridae?

A

Single stranded
Linear DNA genome
Small icosahedral virus
Non-enveloped
Durable in environment

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2
Q

How do parvoviruses attach during replication?

A

Transferrin receptor (canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia) upregulated in proliferating cell
Sialic acid residues hemagglutinate RBCs

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3
Q

How do parvoviruses replicate in the nucleus?

A

Virus does not encode or have own DNA polymerase
Requires rapidly dividing cells (mitotic S phase) to replicate - age dependent susceptibility, tissue tropism
Intranuclear includsion bodies

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4
Q

How do parvoviruses release during replication?

A

Lysis (cell destruction)

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5
Q

What is the pathogenesis of parvoviruses?

A

Fecal-oral transmission
Lymphatic nodules in tonsils or gut
Primary viremia spread to (1) hemoatopoetic precursors (panleukopenia) or (2) intestinal lymph tissues and peyer’s patches
Intestinal crypt cells (destruction of intestinal crypts and epithelium, hemorrhage into the lumen and diarrhea)

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6
Q

What is the major pathogenesis determinant of parvovirus pathogenesis?

A

Mitotic S phase
Implications for age and tissue tropism

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7
Q

What cells are targeted with canine parvovirus-2 in puppies <8wks old?

A

Myocardial cells

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8
Q

What cells are targeted with feline panleukopenia in the last 2 wks of utero-2wks of age?

A

External granular later of the cerebellum (cerebellar hypoplasia)

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9
Q

How is canine parvovirus-2 transmitted?

A

Horizontal: fecal-oral
Vertical: in utero
Highly contagious

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10
Q

What is the incubation period of canine parvovirus-2?

A

4-14 days

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11
Q

How is canine parvovirus-2 shed?

A

Feces

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12
Q

What is the host range of canine parvovirus-2?

A

Canidae
Described in cats, mink, ferrets, raccoons

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13
Q

What risk factors are associated with canine parvovirus-2?

A

Season: 3x more likely July-Sept
Breeds: rottweilers, dobermans, shepherds
Intact dogs
Non-vaccinated dogs

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14
Q

What do the clinical features of canine parvovirus-2 depend on?

A

Age
Immune status
Individual variation
Genetic susceptibility
Variation among virus strains

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15
Q

What age group has the most severe disease associated with canine parvovirus-2 infection?

A

6wks to 6 months

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16
Q

What clinical signs are associated with infection of canine parvovirus-2 from utero to 8 weeks of age?

A

Myocarditis syndrome
Peracute death
Cardiomyopathy (4-8wks of age)
Pulmonary edema
Sudden death occurs several weeks to months later

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17
Q

What clinical signs are associated with infection of canine parvovirus-2 from 8 to 12 weeks of age to adult?

A

Vomiting, bloody diarrhea, dehydration
Hemorrhagic enteritis
Depression, lethargy, anorexia, fever (or hypothermia)
Panleukopenia, lymphopenia
Secondary bacteremia
Death

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18
Q

How is canine parvovirus-2 diagnosed?

A

Virus detection: snap ELISA, PCR, virus isolation
Serology: hemagglutination inhibition test

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19
Q

What time frame is canine parvovirus-2 detectable in shedding?

A

3-7 days post infection

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20
Q

What immunity is associated with canine parvovirus-2?

A

Rapid (ab 3-5 days) usually lifelong immunity
Maternal derived antibodies usually lifelong immunity
T cell immunity after infection or vaccination

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21
Q

What vaccines are utilized for canine parvovirus-2?

A

Modified live or inactivated
Can be combined in vax: DA2PPv
MDA interference: vx every 2-3 weeks starting at 6-8wks of age until 16-20wks of age

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22
Q

How is canine parvovirus-2 controlled?

A

Virus is very durable and very stable
Most virucidal disinfectants not effective
Remove organic material, 1% sodium hypochlorite, 4% bleach, contact time
Isolate pups

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23
Q

What diseases are associated with feline panleukopenia virus?

A

Panleukopenia
Feline distemper
Feline enteritis
Feline ataxia
“Cat fever”

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24
Q

How is feline panleukopenia virus transmitted?

A

Horizontal: fecal/oral, contact infected cats, fomites
Vertical: in utero
Highly contagious

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25
Q

What is the incubation period of feline panleukopenia virus?

A

2-7 days

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26
Q

How is feline panleukopenia virus shed?

A

Feces, vomit, urine, saliva
Durable in the environment

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27
Q

What is the host range of feline panleukopenia virus?

A

Felidae
Clinical disease see in raccoon, mink, coatimundi
Some canids, skunks

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28
Q

What clinical signs are associated with feline panleukopenia virus infection during early gestation?

A

Resorption, abortion

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29
Q

What clinical signs are associated with feline panleukopenia virus infection in utero to 2-4wks of age?

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia/atrophy (wobbly cat syndrome, ataxic, hypermetria, wide-based stance, hydrocephalus, circling, microphthalmia, retinal dysplasia, blindness)

30
Q

What symptoms occur in kittens infected with feline panleukopenia virus?

A

Peracute: profound leukopenia, fever, death <24hrs
Acute: fever, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
Panleukopenia: leukopenia, lymphopenia
Enteritis: dehydration, bloody diarrhea, vomiting, salivation

31
Q

What immunity is associated with feline panleukopenia virus?

A

Rapid (ab 3-5 days) usually lifelong immunity
MDA: protection relates to initial titer, can be protective up to 16wks, can interfere with vaccination

32
Q

What vaccine types are available for feline panleukopenia virus?

A

Modified live and inactivated

33
Q

How is feline panleukopenia virus controlled?

A

Virus is very durable
Remove organic material
1% sodium hypochlorite, 4% bleach
Contact time
Isolation: separation of infected cats

34
Q

What diseases are associated with porcine parvovirus?

A

Reproductive loss (SMEDI)
Stillbirths
Mummified fetuses
Embryonic-Death
Infertility

35
Q

What are the clinical features associated with porcine parvovirus?

A

<30 days: embryonic death and resorption
30-70 days: no immune response –> fetal death, mummification, stillbirths
>70 days: immunocompetence, persistent infection with prolonged shedding
Small, weak piglets

36
Q

How is porcine parvovirus transmitted?

A

Horizontal: oral-nasal, fomites, venereal
Vertical: SMEDI

37
Q

What is the incubation period of porcine parvovirus?

A

15 days post infection of gilt/sow to reach fetus

38
Q

How is porcine parvovirus shed?

A

Secretions and excretions, semen

39
Q

What is the host range of porcine parvovirus?

A

Domestic swine, endemic worldwide

40
Q

What immunity is associated with porcine parvovirus?

A

MDA lasts ~ 6 months
Many gilts naturally infected

41
Q

What vaccines are used for porcine parvovirus?

A

Inactivated vaccines
Brief window to vaccinate if gilts bred at 7 months

42
Q

How is porcine parvovirus controlled?

A

Durable in the environment for many months (up to 20 wks), resistant to many disinfectants

43
Q

What diseases are associated with aleutian mink disease virus?

A

Neonatal mink: acute, fatal interstitial pneumonia
Adults: persistent infection, chronic immune complex-mediated disease

44
Q

What is the host range of aleutian mink disease virus?

A

Mink, ferrets, skunks, raccoons

45
Q

What is another name for canine parvovirus-1?

A

The minute virus of dogs (genetically distinct from CPV-2)

46
Q

What clinical signs are associated with canine parvovirus-1?

A

Interstitial pneumonia of neonatal puppies, mild enteritis
Fetal death, abortions, resorption

47
Q

What is the host range of canine parvovirus-1?

A

Canidae
~50% of adult dogs have antibodies to CPV-1

48
Q

What are the general characteristics of circoviridae?

A

Single-stranded
Circular DNA genome
Small icosahedral virus
Non-enveloped
Durable in the environment

49
Q

Of the porcine circoviruses, which are pathogenic, what disease are they associated with?

A

Porcine circovirus-1: nonpathogenic
Porcine circovirus-2
Porcine circovirus-3
Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD)

50
Q

How is porcine circovirus transmitted?

A

Horizontal: oronasal, direct contact, fomites
Vertical: documented

51
Q

How is porcine circovirus shed?

A

Feces, respiratory secretions, urine

52
Q

What is the host range of porcine circovirus?

A

Domestic swine and wild boar
Worldwide

53
Q

What symptoms are associated with porcine circovirus associated disease?

A

Weanlings 5-18weeks
Often involves 2nd infection (viral or bacterial)
Weight loss, icterus, ill thrift
Labored respiration, diarrhea

54
Q

What are other porcine circovirus associated disease syndromes?

A

PMWS: postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
PRDC: porcine respiratory disease complex
Porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome
Reproductive failure, granuloatous enteritis, exudative epidermitis, necrotizing lymphadenitis

55
Q

What symptoms are associated with PMWS?

A

Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
Weight loss, failure to gain, pale, icteric, thin, gaunt pigs, 5-18wks of age

56
Q

What symptoms are associated with PRDC?

A

Porcine respiratory disease complex
Bronchointerstitial pneumonia
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and other viruses

57
Q

What clinical signs are associated with porcine circovirus-2?

A

Porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome(skin:n ischemic necrosis, kidneys: vasculitis and glomerulonephritis)
PCV2-associated reproductive failure (late-term abortion, stillbirths)

58
Q

What vaccines are utilized with porcine circovirus?

A

Inactivated whole virus and recombinant PCV2 vaccines

59
Q

How is porcine circovirus controlled?

A

Control other agents (e.g. M. hyopneumoniae)
Good herd management: reduces stress, all-in-all-out, sanitation, low stocking density, etc.)

60
Q

What symptoms are associated with psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV)?

A

Feather loss
Beak and claw deformities

61
Q

How is psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) transmitted?

A

Aerosolize particles, ingestion

62
Q

How is psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) shed?

A

Feather follicular epithelium, feces, regurgitated crop contents

63
Q

What is the host range of psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV)?

A

Infects many species of psittacines
Cockatoos, parrots, budgerigars

64
Q

What are the clinical features of psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV)?

A

Age: fledglings and young birds
Dystrophic feathers: necrosis/inflammation, annular constrictions, shaft hemorrhage, feather loss
Beak dystrophy
Abnormal plumage or color
Leukopenia/immunosuppression

65
Q

What diseases are associated with chicken anemia virus (CAV)?

A

Disease anemia virus disease
Hemorrhagic syndrome
Anemia dermatitis syndrome
Blue-wing disease

66
Q

What are the clinical features of chicken anemia virus (CAV)?

A

Disease occurs in chicks 2-4weeks of age
Immunosuppression: atrophy or lymphoid organs/tissues, bone marrow, thymus, bursa, spleen
Decreased hematopoiesis: anemia, pale birds
Hemorrhages in SQ and muscles
Anorexia, lethargy, depression

67
Q

How is chicken anemia virus (CAV) transmitted?

A

Horizontal: oronasal, direct contact with infected chicks, fomites
Vertical: hens to eggs

68
Q

How is chicken anemia virus (CAV) shed?

A

Feces and feather dander

69
Q

What is the host range of chicken anemia virus (CAV)?

A

Chickens
Worldwide

70
Q

What vaccines are associated with chicken anemia virus (CAV)?

A

Live vaccines that can be given parenterally or in drinking water, but may cause disease in progeny of layer flocks
Control of other pathogens (Marek’s)

71
Q

How is chicken anemia virus (CAV) controlled?

A

SPF (specific pathogen free) flocks may have it
Difficult to eliminate

VM639: Virology (30 decks)

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