Respiratory System

Question 1

what are the main goals of the respiratory system

Answer 1

supply cells with O2 required metabolism
eliminate CO2 produced during metabolism
Regulating pH

Question 2

Define pulmonary ventilation and respiration

Answer 2

Pulmonary ventilation- movement of air in and out of the lungs
Respiration- exchange of gases between alveoli and capillaries

Question 3

outline the 3 main steps of respiration

Answer 3

Pulmonary Ventilation ( breathing)- includes inhalation, and exhalation of air between the lungs and atmosphere
External pulmonary respiration- gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries in the lungs
Internal tissue respiration- gas exchange between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells

Question 4

what is the respiratory system

Answer 4

network of organs and tissues involved in gas exchange
upper respiratory system- nose, mouth, nasal cavity and pharynx
Lower Respiratory system- larynx, trachea and bronchi

Question 5

Define conducing zone and the respiratory zone

Answer 5

Conducting zone ( Nose, mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles)
Acts to provide a means of transport for air
Respiratory zone ( respiratory bronchioles, alveoli)
Main site of gas exchange between air and blood

Question 6

Outline the features of the lungs

Answer 6

Bronchi- separate branches of the trachea, provides air supply to each lung
Bronchioles- subdivision of the bronchi, conduct air towards alveoli
Alveoli- elastic, thin walled membrane sacs, crucial surface for gas exchange

Question 7

Define lungs

Answer 7

situated in thoracic cavity within ribcage
encased by 2 pleural membranes ( visceral and parietal)
Help lungs adhere to ribcage. Pleural fluid prevents friction between membranes

Question 8

Inspiratory Muscle features?

Answer 8

External and Internal intercostals
Diaphragm
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes

Question 9

Expiratory muscle features

Answer 9

Internal intercostals, external abdominal oblique,internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdomis, rectus abdomins

Question 10

Define both minute ventilation and tidal volume

Answer 10

MV- total amount of air per unit of time, avg. rest= 10L per min, exercise- 160-180 L per min
V= Tidal Volume x Breathing Frequency
TV- volume of air per breath
TV= Minute ventillation/ breathing frequency

Question 11

Define alveolar ventilation and anatomical dead space

Answer 11

Alveolar Ventilation- 70% of tidal volume at rest will reach the respiratory zone for gas exchange
Anatomical Dead Space- Remainder stays in the conducting airways ( does not participate in gas exchange)

Question 12

Outline the process of ventilation mechanics

Answer 12

When we breathe, contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles acts to change the volume of the thoracic cavity
Pleural membranes attach the lungs to the thoracic walls so the lungs expand and contract in accordance with the TC

Question 13

State Boyle’s Law

Answer 13

pressure of a gas is inversely related to the volume ( at a constant temperature)

Question 14

Define bulk flow

Answer 14

Air moves from high to low pressure

Question 15

what are the steps for ventilation mechanics

Answer 15

Contraction & relaxation of respiratory muscles, change in thoracic cavity & lung volume, change in intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure, mvmt of air

Question 16

State what occurs in inhalation

Answer 16

Contraction of external intercostal muscles, elevated rib cage
Lung volume increases
Air enter the lungs to equalise the pressure gradient