Endocrine & Immune System & Integrative Physiology Flashcards
Define immunology and specialised cells and molecules involved
study of the anatomy and function of the specialised cells and molecules that make up the immune system
Spleen, Tonsils, Lymph nodes, Lymphatic vessels and capillaries, bone marrow
Outline the human immune response to invasion
Innate- 1st and 2nd defence line
Adaptive- 3rd defence line
explain the features of the 1st line of defence
Skin- shields against infection
Mucus & cillia- cilla sweep the mucus into the throat for coughing or swallowing
Saliva- immunoglobins ( lysozymes and antibodies) chemicals contains
Stomach- bacteria broken down by acids
Define phagocytosis
cells that can engulf and digest pathogens to stop them causing damage.
Macdrophages or neutrophils
Outline oxygen uptake during exercise
Reflects integrative ability to deliver oxygenated blood to working tissues
Oxygen consumption reflects aerobic metabolism
What is the Fick Equation
Product of cardiac output (Q) and the differences between arterial and venous oxygen content at the capillary (a-vO2 diff) allows calculation of VO2
VO2=Q X a-vO2diff
Q= stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)
Cardiac Output- central component - oxygen delivery
a-vo2 diff- peripheral component - oxygen extraction
Define maximal oxygen uptake
highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilised by the working muscles during severe exercise
the ‘upper limit’ of oxygen uptake during exercise
How is maximal oxygen uptake measured
Treadmill/ bike- exercise test with a progressive intensity
oxygen uptake will increase in line with intensity - until a further increase in work does not elevate o2 consumption
What are the two types in regards to general procedure of O2 uptake
Discontinuous- separate exercise stage (3-5), intensity increased each stage, oxygen consumption measured at the end of each one
Incremental Ramp- continuous test, intensity increases more subtly, O2 consumption measured continuously
How is maximal oxygen uptake measured
Absolute Units - Litres per minute (L-min-1)
Relative Units - Millilitres per Kilogram per minute (mL-kg1-min-1)
Why is it useful to measure maximal oxygen uptake
classification of athletes, determinant of endurance, prescription of training
Cardiac Output is primary in healthy subjects
what are the limiting factors of oxygen uptake
Saturation of arterial blood with oxygen
Cardiac output (Co)- primarily stroke volume
Extraction/diffusion of oxygen into mitochondria, capillary density, mitochondrial enzymes
Amount of red blood cells/ haemoglobin
