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Human Physiology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Neural tissue that is primarily responsible for conducting electrical signals away from the body and responds to stimulus

A

Neuron

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2
Q

-Constitute about half of the cells in the CNS
-Can divide by mitosis unlike neuron
- Provide physical and metabolic support

A

Glial cell

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3
Q

Conducts impulse towards the CNS

A

Afferent

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4
Q

Conducts impulse away from the CNS

A

Efferent

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5
Q

Motor neuron innervating skeletal muscles

A

Somatic

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6
Q

Functional division of the nervous system that is responsible for homeostasis reflexes that coordinate control of cardiac and smooth muscle

A

Autonomic

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7
Q

Glial cell type in the PNS that provides the myelin insulation for axons in nerves

A

Schwann cell

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8
Q

Proteins that function to anchor synaptic vesicles in axon terminals to the presynaptic plasma membrane

A

SNARE complex

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9
Q

Lip-rich layer of insulation that surrounds an axon, formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS; facilitates the transmission of electrical signals

A

Myelin sheath

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10
Q

The difference in voltage measured across a cell membrane under steady-state conditions, typically -70 mV

A

Resting membrane potential

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11
Q

-Change in a cell membrane potential from rest toward zero
- Inside the cell membrane becomes less negative compared to outside the membrane

A

Depolarization

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12
Q

Return of the membrane potential to its normally negative voltage at the end of the action potential

A

Repolarization

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13
Q

Increase in negativity of inside the cell membrane with respect to the resting membrane potential

A

Hyperpolarization

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14
Q

One of many branchlike proceses that extends from the neuron cell body and functions as a contact for incoming signals (synapse). from other neurons or sensory cells

A

Dendrite

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15
Q

Protein channel when stimulated depolarizes membrane to threshold, specific to an ions

A

Voltage regulated channel

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16
Q

All or nothing

A

Action potential

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17
Q

Time during an action period when another action potential cannot be generated because the voltage-gated Na+ channel is inactivated

A

Absolute refectory period

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18
Q

-The period of time following an action potential, when it is possible but difficult for the neuron to fire a second action potential, due to the fact that the membrane is further from threshold potential (hyper polarized)
- Second action potential can happen only if stimulus strength is greater than usual

A

Relative refectory period

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19
Q

Chemical signal that is released from the synaptic end bulb of a neuron to cause a change in target cell

A

Neurotransmitter

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20
Q

A junction where impulses are transmitted from neurons and in the PNS the target muscle gland

A

Synapse

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21
Q
  • Amplitude decreases as signal moves toward axon hillock
  • Varies in size
  • Amplitude varies
A

Graded potential

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22
Q
  • The result of graded depolarization by opening Na+ or Ca2+ channels
  • The result of depolarization by bringing the postsynaptic membrane closer to a threshold
  • Makes an action potential more likely to occur
A

Excitatory post synaptic potential

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23
Q
  • The result of graded hyper polarization by opening K+ or Cl- channels
  • the result of hyperpolarization
  • Decreases the likelihood of an action potential
A

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

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24
Q

Molecule that specifically binds and activates a receptor protein

A

Agonist

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25
Q

Molecule that binds and reduces the activity of receptor proteins

A

Antagonist

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26
Q

Association of 3 membrane associated protein subunits regulated by guanosine

A

G-protein

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27
Q

Neuron located in the CNS; also called association neuron

A

Interneuron

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28
Q

Regulate and control other body systems of the body

A

What is the function of the nervous system

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29
Q

How does the nervous system function?

A

By communicating through electrochemical impulses

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30
Q

Electrochemical impulses are…

A

Action potentials

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31
Q

The nervous and endocrine systems are your…

A

Control systems

32
Q

A neuron is the _____ unit

A

Smalleset

33
Q

What do neurons do?

A
  • Respond to stimuli
  • Conduct electrical activity
  • Release chemical regulators
34
Q

What are the 3 structural classes of neurons?

A
  • Unipolar neuron
  • Bipolar neuron
  • Multipolar neuron
35
Q

What is the most common structural class of neurons?

A

Multipolar neuron

36
Q

Electrical impulses move from…

A

Start to end

37
Q
  • Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information
  • The start
  • the reception zone
A

Dendrites

38
Q
  • Connection of cell body to axon
  • Potential energy
A

Axon hillock / initial segment

39
Q

Located completely within the CNS and integrate functions of the nervous system

A

Association / interneurons

40
Q

Conduct impulses from the CNS to target organs

A

Motor Neurons

41
Q

Conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory neurons

42
Q

Impulse must begin on…

A

Dendrites

43
Q

Functional types of neurons:

A

Sensory, motor, interneurons

44
Q

Interneurons and motor neurons are both structurally…

A

Multipolar

45
Q

Sensory neurons are structurally…

A

Unipolar

46
Q

Functions of functional types of neurons

A

Carry information toward the cell body

47
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

48
Q
  • Insulates and covers axon
  • Forms myelin sheaths
A

Oligodedrocytes

49
Q

Neurons without myelin sheath react…

A

Slower

50
Q

Neurons have a resting potential of…

A

-70 mV

51
Q

Ions constantly move to maintain

A

Concentration gradients

52
Q

Ligand gated, voltage gated, mechanical gated

A

Channels in the membrane

53
Q
  • Opening in response to the binding of a chemical ligand to its receptors
  • Another name for inotropic receptor for which a neurotransmitter is the ligand
A

Ligand gated

54
Q

Location of ligand-gated channels?

A

Dendrites and the cell body

55
Q

Voltage gated channels are specific to which ions?

A

Na+ and K+

56
Q

Open at +30mV, slower to open and close

A

Voltage gated K+ channel

57
Q
  • Open at negative values
  • Respond faster at threshold (Aprox. -55 mV)
    -Inactive at +30 mV, breaking positive feedback loop
A

Voltage gated Na+ channels and stage gated Na+ channels

58
Q

Both voltage gated Na+ channels and Voltage gated K+ channels are closed at…

A

resting potential; -70mV

59
Q

An approximate value needed for an action potential to occur

A

Threshold

60
Q

A neuron needs to move from -70 mV to ___ for an action potential to occur.

A

-55 mV

61
Q

1 Action potential wave consists of

A

A single cell where the membrane potential quickly becomes positive and returns to resting potential

62
Q

Compound action potential sum together more than…

A

One cell undergoing an action potential

63
Q

Try to have the same message all the way through; from start to end

A

Regenerated

64
Q

Myelin prevents Na+ and K+ from moving through the membrane

A

Myelinated neurons

65
Q

Synapses can be ___ or ___ depending on the ___ being transmitted

A

Inhibitory, excitatory, neurtransmitter

66
Q

Synapses can use both chemical and electrical stimuli to

A

Pass information

67
Q

pre- and post- synaptic cells are connected by

A

Gap junctions

68
Q

Even if you go below -70 mV

A

You are still at a graded potential

69
Q
  • More positive on the side than negative to carry out action potential
  • More negative = no action potential
A

Summation

70
Q

Graded potentials may lead to

A

Action potential

71
Q
  • Neurotransmitter
  • Increased arousal
  • Enhanced cognition
A

Acetylcholine

72
Q
  • Neurotransmitter
  • Increased pleasure
  • suppressed appetite
A

Dopamine

73
Q
  • Ach binds to postsynaptic cell ex. skeletal muscle cell
  • Agonist: nicotine
  • Antagonist: Curare
A

Nicotinic arch receptors

74
Q
  • Ach binds to postsynaptic cell ex digestive cells or cardiac cells
  • agonis: Muscarine
  • Antagonist: atropine
A

Muscarinic Ach receptors

75
Q
  • Synthesized from amino acids
  • Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
A

Monoamines

76
Q

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine together

A

Catecholamines

Human Physiology (7 decks)

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