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Human Physiology > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the 3 bones in the middle ear?

A

Transduce sound by amplifying it through the middle ear to the oval window

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2
Q

Receptor that interprets chemical stimuli such as an object’s taste or smells

A

Chemoreceptors

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3
Q

The cells in the retina that respond to light stimuli

A

Photoreceptor

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4
Q

Receptor that senses temperature is either sensitive to temps above or below normal body temp

A

Thermoreceptor

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5
Q

Receptors that respond to physical stimuli such as pressure and vibration as well as the sensation of sound and body position

A

Mechanoreceptor

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6
Q

Receptor that responds to pain or similar intense stimuli

A

Nociceptor

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7
Q

Energy or chemical activating a sensory receptor

A

Stimulus

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8
Q

Area of the body when stimulated activates a particular sensory receptor

A

Receptive Field

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9
Q

Sharpening of perception that occurs in the neural processing of sensory input

A

Lateral inhibition

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10
Q

Pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus

A

Referred pain

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11
Q

Nerve impulse is another term for

A

Action potential

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12
Q

Sensory neurons have an end to receive ___ and produce the ___ and the other delivers ___ to synapse in the CNS

A

Sensory stimuli
Nerve impulse
Impulse

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13
Q

Types of senses arise from different receptors , each sensory neuron is specific to a sensation

A

Modalities

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14
Q

Sensory receptors are specialized cells that generate grade potentials called

A

Receptor potentials

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15
Q

Receptor potentials = ____ but specific to sensory system

A

Graded potentials

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16
Q
  • Eyes
  • Puts perception and integration into place and action potential beings
A

Visual cortex

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17
Q

Auditory complex

A

Ears

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18
Q

Where perception along with emotion or varying factors will affect perception

A

Cortical association area

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19
Q

Complex integration occurs at ____

A

Cortical association areas

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20
Q
  • Respond quickly but just as quickly to adapt to stimulus
  • Ex: smell and texture (skin)
  • Adapts by positive or negative receptors
A

Phasic receptors

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21
Q
  • Maintain response to stimulus
  • Ex: adapting to light in room; Skin stretch
A

Tonic Receptors

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22
Q

Responds to touch and pressure

A

Skin

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23
Q
  • Pertaining to skin
  • Touch, temp, pain
A

Cutaneous

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24
Q
  • Pertaining to skin
  • Touch, temp, pain
A

Cutaneous

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25
Q

How many action potentials per second

A

Frequency

26
Q

Increasing the frequency of action potential

A

Stimulus strength

27
Q

A decrease in receptor sensitivity

A

Adaptaation

28
Q

Short-lived

A

Transient

29
Q

Produced within the body

A

Endogenous

30
Q

Respond to lower levels of light

A

Rods

31
Q

Respond to bright light signals; red, blue, green

A

Cones

32
Q

_____ are the first cells in the pathway where action potentials can be initiated

A

Ganglion Cells

33
Q
  • Increased learning
  • Enhanced memory
A

Glutamate

34
Q

What is the receptor of a photoreceptor?

A

Retina

35
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of a photoreceptor?

A

Glutamate

36
Q

Where is the neurotransmitter going in the brain of a photoreceptor?

A
  1. Brainstem
  2. Thalamus
  3. Visual cortex
    - Mostly thalamus
37
Q

Air molecules push against it at the same frequency as sound wav

A

Tympanic membrane

38
Q

____ and ____ of the membrane indicate pitch and volume

A

Pressure, movement

39
Q

Name the 3 bones of the middle ear

A

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

40
Q

Fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear

A

Endolymph

41
Q

Ear is ____ with high K+ ____ and low Na+ ____

A

Backwards, outside, inside

42
Q

Receptor cells called hair cells

A

Mechanoreceptors

43
Q

Small hairline projection on the tops of inner and outer hair cells

A

Sterocilia

44
Q

What is the receptor of the ear?

A

Organ of Corti

45
Q

What neurotransmitter is produced in the ear?

A

Glutamate

46
Q

Cochlear nerve fibers synapse with interneurons in the …

A

Brainstem

47
Q

Taste buds located in bumps on the tongue

A

Papillae

48
Q

To enter the pores of the taste buds and come into contact with _____, food must be _____ in liquid

A

Taste receptor cells, dissolved

49
Q

Increase surface area of taste receptor cells

A

Microvilli

50
Q

Bitter flavor

A

Quinine

51
Q

Sweet taste

A

Glucose

52
Q

Sour taste

A

high acid

53
Q

Umami

A

Amino acid glutamate

54
Q

Salt taste

A

Na+

55
Q

Pathways for taste go from ____, ____, ____, ____ in the brain

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve, medulla (brainstem), thalamus, gustatory complex

56
Q
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Area of the brain that receives and interprets taste from the tongue
A

Gustatory complex

57
Q

____ areas of the tongue are able to respond to all ______

A

All areas, 5 categories

58
Q

____ ____ pathways lead from the receptors, afferent neurons, to the ____. This means that a particular taste cell is sensitive to only one category.

A

Independent coded, CNS

59
Q

Taste responds to chemicals dissolved in

A

Food and drink

60
Q

Smell responds to chemical molecules from the

A

air

Human Physiology (7 decks)

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