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SOC 224 > Looking Deviant > Flashcards

Looking Deviant Flashcards

1
Q

In terms of physical appearance, what do we judge people by?

A

The cultural ideal

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2
Q

Two types of perceptions in physical appearance

A

Positive perceptions, negative perceptions

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3
Q

A choice in appearance; associated with certain lifestyle groups

A

Voluntary appearance

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4
Q

Limited; no choice in appearance

A

Involuntary appearance

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5
Q

Limitation of perception in physical appearance

A
  1. Appearances change over time and differ by socio-historical context (where/when)
  2. Perceptions about voluntary appearance vary across cultures, over time, and between subgroups
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6
Q

The adoption of certain elements of another culture without regard for their history or meaning

A

Cultural appropriation

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7
Q

Objective side on what bodies tell us

A

Characteristics of the person
- Age, sex, socioeconomic status, family structure and functioning, academic performance, personality, psychopathology

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8
Q

Subjective side on what bodies tell us

A

Characteristics of society, relationships, and self
- Self and self-expression, identify formation, society, how people understand themselves, how people give meaning to their physical appearance

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9
Q

The Halo Effect

A
  1. Physical attractiveness stereotype
    “What is beautiful, is good”
  2. The habitual tendency to rate attractive individuals more favorably in their personality traits or characteristics than those who are less attractive
    Smarter funnier, more honest, more self-control, more efficient?
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10
Q

Gendered Appearance Norms

A

Desirable trains and undesirable trains in both men and women
Ex: Men are desirable if they are muscular, fit, tall, have clear skin, etc.

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11
Q

Body image

A

Comprises one’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to one’s physical appearance

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12
Q

Racial variation in body image

A
  1. North American beauty ideals celebrate white bodies
  2. Racial differences in adherence to North American beauty ideals
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13
Q

Body projects (Change in Appearance)

A

ways we adapt, change, or control our bodies

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14
Q

Camouflaging (Change in Appearance)

A

normative processes

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15
Q

Extending (Change in Appearance)

A

overcoming physical limitations

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16
Q

Adapting (Change in Appearance)

A

Removing or repairing

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17
Q

Redesigning (Change in Appearance)

A

Reconstruction

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18
Q

Two main body projects

A
  1. Body modification/Body art
  2. Body size/weight
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19
Q

Variation of acceptance in body modification

A
  1. 5,000 year old Iceman
  2. Early Christian era -> religious affiliation
  3. European colonization -> “primitives”
  4. 1950s -> working class masculinity and subcultures
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20
Q

Objectivity in body modification

A
  1. Risk: assumed to be “at risk”
    - Abuse, troubled backgrounds, and risky behaviours?
    - Alleged relationship: product of social control efforts
  2. Motivation
    - Aesthetic
    - Pursuit of Identity
    Social Identity
    Individual identity
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21
Q

Subjectivity in body modification

A
  • Identity is not a cause of body modification
  • Physical body reflects the individual’s understanding of self & society
    Interpretive theories:
  • Understandings of self through interaction
  • Interactions determine the role of body modification in our lives
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22
Q

Goffman’s Dramaturgical Approach in body modification

A

Part of constructing out Front stage and Back stage selves

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23
Q

Impression management

A

Trying to manage the messages we send to specific audiences

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24
Q

Women and Tattoos

A
  1. Often stigmatized
  2. Construction of the gendered self
    - Established femininity -> Increase sex appeal
    - Resistant femininity -> contradict hegemonic ideals
    - Negotiated femininity -> source of liberation, but concealable
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25
Q

Straightedge Tattoos

A
  1. Tattoos as ideological messages: Resistance to perceived hedonism and self-indulgence in our world
    - Symbols of lifestyle declaration
    - Symbols of pacification
    - Symbols of indictment
  2. Means of control over one’s body
  3. Intimate relationship with rebellion/protest
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26
Q

Scientific standards on body size/weight

A
  1. This is more likely to be used as an evaluative criteria for women
  2. Based on health risks (harm-based notion)
  3. BMI (Body Mass Index)
    - Criticisms using the BMI?
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27
Q

The Canadian Experience

A
  1. Worldwide: 1.4 billion adults
  2. Canada:
    - 62% of adult men
    - 46% of adult women
    - 23% of children
  3. More people are overweight than underweight in Canada and the world
How well did you know this?
1
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28
Q

Childhood obesity as child abuse

A

Child abuse
1. not always ACTIVE harm
2. can be associated with neglect
3. State/legal interventions
4. Women: blamed
5. Child AND mother stigmatized
6.Socioeconomic restrictions?

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29
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Extreme end of “underweight”, and is considered a mental illness listed in the DSM.

30
Q

Causation of Anorexia

A
  1. Ego-phycological theories
  2. Family systems theories
  3. Endocrinological theories
  4. Sociocultural theories
31
Q

Muscle Dysmorphia

A

Disordered fixation on gaining body mass, more common in men than anorexia.
This is a variant of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Can lead to higher rates of depression, lower levels of self-esteem, and higher adherence to “masculine norms”

32
Q

Negative Perceptions of “Too Fat”

A
  1. Female media bodies have become thinner
  2. Male media bodies have become more muscular
33
Q

Social Control of “Too Fat”

A
  1. Media -> lose weight, fast!
  2. Commercial industry -> pills, powders
  3. Medicalization -> prescriptions, surgery
  4. Governments -> “fat tax,” tax deductions
  5. Communities -> recreational facilities
34
Q

Resisting a Label of “Too Fat”

A
  1. “Fat Acceptance” groups
  2. Beauty magazines and clothing lines for “plus-size” individuals
  3. Goals are to promote sound nutrition and physical fitness in pursuit of good health, and to remove stigmas about “fatness”
  4. Media
35
Q

Social Control of “Too Thin”

A
  1. Perceptions of “too thin” = extreme instances
  2. Changing family interactions
  3. Medicalized prevention and education
  4. Media
36
Q

Resisting a Label of “Too Thin”

A
  1. “You can never be too rich, or too thin” : mentality
  2. Pervasiveness of weight loss messages and products in society
  3. Support of Anorexia - Dangerous
37
Q

The cultural ideal

A

In terms of physical appearance, what do we judge people by?

38
Q

Positive perceptions, negative perceptions

A

Two types of perceptions in physical appearance

39
Q

Voluntary appearance

A

A choice in appearance; associated with certain lifestyle groups

40
Q

Involuntary appearance

A

Limited; no choice in appearance

41
Q
  1. Appearances change over time and differ by socio-historical context (where/when)
  2. Perceptions about voluntary appearance vary across cultures, over time, and between subgroups
A

Limitation of perception in physical appearance

42
Q

Cultural appropriation

A

The adoption of certain elements of another culture without regard for their history or meaning

43
Q

Characteristics of the person
- Age, sex, socioeconomic status, family structure and functioning, academic performance, personality, psychopathology

A

Objective side on what bodies tell us

44
Q

Characteristics of society, relationships, and self
- Self and self-expression, identify formation, society, how people understand themselves, how people give meaning to their physical appearance

A

Subjective side on what bodies tell us

45
Q
  1. Physical attractiveness stereotype
    “What is beautiful, is good”
  2. The habitual tendency to rate attractive individuals more favorably in their personality traits or characteristics than those who are less attractive
    Smarter funnier, more honest, more self-control, more efficient?
A

The Halo Effect

46
Q

Desirable trains and undesirable trains in both men and women
Ex: Men are desirable if they are muscular, fit, tall, have clear skin, etc.

A

Gendered Appearance Norms

47
Q

Comprises one’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to one’s physical appearance

A

Body image

48
Q
  1. North American beauty ideals celebrate white bodies
  2. Racial differences in adherence to North American beauty ideals
A

Racial variation in body image

49
Q

ways we adapt, change, or control our bodies

A

Body projects (Change in Appearance)

50
Q

normative processes

A

Camouflaging (Change in Appearance)

51
Q

overcoming physical limitations

A

Extending (Change in Appearance)

52
Q

Removing or repairing

A

Adapting (Change in Appearance)

53
Q

Reconstruction

A

Redesigning (Change in Appearance)

54
Q
  1. Body modification/Body art
  2. Body size/weight
A

Two main body projects

55
Q
  1. 5,000 year old Iceman
  2. Early Christian era -> religious affiliation
  3. European colonization -> “primitives”
  4. 1950s -> working class masculinity and subcultures
A

Variation of acceptance in body modification

56
Q
  1. Risk: assumed to be “at risk”
    - Abuse, troubled backgrounds, and risky behaviours?
    - Alleged relationship: product of social control efforts
  2. Motivation
    - Aesthetic
    - Pursuit of Identity
    Social Identity
    Individual identity
A

Objectivity in body modification

57
Q
  • Identity is not a cause of body modification
  • Physical body reflects the individual’s understanding of self & society
    Interpretive theories:
  • Understandings of self through interaction
  • Interactions determine the role of body modification in our lives
A

Subjectivity in body modification

58
Q

Part of constructing out Front stage and Back stage selves

A

Goffman’s Dramaturgical Approach in body modification

59
Q

Trying to manage the messages we send to specific audiences

A

Impression management

60
Q
  1. Often stigmatized
  2. Construction of the gendered self
    - Established femininity -> Increase sex appeal
    - Resistant femininity -> contradict hegemonic ideals
    - Negotiated femininity -> source of liberation, but concealable
A

Women and Tattoos

61
Q
  1. Tattoos as ideological messages: Resistance to perceived hedonism and self-indulgence in our world
    - Symbols of lifestyle declaration
    - Symbols of pacification
    - Symbols of indictment
  2. Means of control over one’s body
  3. Intimate relationship with rebellion/protest
A

Straightedge Tattoos

62
Q
  1. This is more likely to be used as an evaluative criteria for women
  2. Based on health risks (harm-based notion)
  3. BMI (Body Mass Index)
    - Criticisms using the BMI?
A

Scientific standards on body size/weight

63
Q
  1. Worldwide: 1.4 billion adults
  2. Canada:
    - 62% of adult men
    - 46% of adult women
    - 23% of children
  3. More people are overweight than underweight in Canada and the world
A

The Canadian Experience

64
Q

Child abuse
1. not always ACTIVE harm
2. can be associated with neglect
3. State/legal interventions
4. Women: blamed
5. Child AND mother stigmatized
6.Socioeconomic restrictions?

A

Childhood obesity as child abuse

65
Q

Extreme end of “underweight”, and is considered a mental illness listed in the DSM.

A

Anorexia Nervosa

66
Q
  1. Ego-phycological theories
  2. Family systems theories
  3. Endocrinological theories
  4. Sociocultural theories
A

Causation of Anorexia

67
Q

Disordered fixation on gaining body mass, more common in men than anorexia.
This is a variant of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Can lead to higher rates of depression, lower levels of self-esteem, and higher adherence to “masculine norms”

A

Muscle Dysmorphia

68
Q
  1. Female media bodies have become thinner
  2. Male media bodies have become more muscular
A

Negative Perceptions of “Too Fat”

69
Q
  1. Media -> lose weight, fast!
  2. Commercial industry -> pills, powders
  3. Medicalization -> prescriptions, surgery
  4. Governments -> “fat tax,” tax deductions
  5. Communities -> recreational facilities
A

Social Control of “Too Fat”

70
Q
  1. “Fat Acceptance” groups
  2. Beauty magazines and clothing lines for “plus-size” individuals
  3. Goals are to promote sound nutrition and physical fitness in pursuit of good health, and to remove stigmas about “fatness”
  4. Media
A

Resisting a Label of “Too Fat”

71
Q
  1. Perceptions of “too thin” = extreme instances
  2. Changing family interactions
  3. Medicalized prevention and education
  4. Media
A

Social Control of “Too Thin”

72
Q
  1. “You can never be too rich, or too thin” : mentality
  2. Pervasiveness of weight loss messages and products in society
  3. Support of Anorexia - Dangerous
A

Resisting a Label of “Too Thin”

SOC 224 (11 decks)

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