Human Geo Chapter 10 Vocab

Question 1

Development

Answer 1

A process of improvement in the conditions of people thru diffusion of knowledge and technology. Enlarging people’s ability to lead a long and healthy life, to acquire knowledge, and have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living. With these 3, people have better opportunities to be creative/productive & enjoy guaranteed human rights.

Question 2

Developed Country (MDC)

Answer 2

A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.

Question 3

Developing Country (LDC)

Answer 3

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of development. The UN divides them into high, medium, & low developing.

Question 4

Human Development Index (HDI)

Answer 4

An indicator constructed by the UN to measure the level of development for a country through a combination of income, education, and life expectancy. The highest possible HDI is 1.0 (or 100%). The UN has computed HDIs for countries since 1980, with occasional modifications on the method of computation.

Question 5

Gross National Income (GNI)

Answer 5

The value of the output of goods & services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country. This (and PPP) are how the UN measures the standard of living in countries. By dividing GNI by total population, you can measure the contribution made by an average person towards generating a country’s wealth in a year. In 2018, GNI per capita was $44,000 in developed countries and $12,000 in developing countries.

Question 6

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

Answer 6

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country. It is an adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of doos. If resident A has the same income as resident B but must pay more for a Big Mac or Starbucks latte, resident B is better off.

Question 7

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Answer 7

The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, not accounting for money that leaves and enters the country.

Question 8

Primary Sector

Answer 8

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth, generally through agriculture. The share of GNI accounted for by primary has decreased in developing countries, but remains higher than in developed countries (showing that a few farmers produce enough food for the rest of society).

Question 9

Secondary Sector

Answer 9

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials (and fabricating goods into consumer goods). The share of GNI accounted for by secondary has decreased in developed countries and is now less than in developing countries.

Question 10

Tertiary Sector

Answer 10

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for pay (like retailing, banking, law, education, and government). The share of GNI accounted for by tertiary is high in developed countries, and is now growing in developing countries.

Question 11

Productivity

Answer 11

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it. The World Bank measures productivity by dividing the total GDP by the amount of people employed. In North America and Europe, GDP per employee exceeds $100,000, but only $10,000 in sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 12

Pupil/Teacher Ratio

Answer 12

The number of enrolled students divided by the # of teachers. The fewer pupils a teacher has, the more effective instruction.

Question 13

Literacy Rate

Answer 13

The percentage of a country’s people who can read and write.

Question 14

Inequality-Adjusted HDI (IHDI)

Answer 14

A modification of the HDI to account for inequality. Under perfect equality, HDI and IHDI are the same. If IHDI is lower, the country has some inequality; the greater the difference in the 2 measures, the greater the inequality. A country where only a few have high incomes, degrees, and health care would have a lower HDI where all 3 of those are minimal. Lowest scores: sub-Saharan Africa & South Asia.

Question 15

World Systems Theory

Answer 15

Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that in an increasingly unified world economy, developed countries form an inner core area whereas developing countries are found on the periphery and semi-periphery. Africa, Asia, & Latin America contain 3/4 of the world’s population and nearly all of population growth.

Question 16

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

Answer 16

An indicator constructed by the UN to measure the extent of each country’s gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market. The higher the GII, the greater the inequality. 0 means men and women fare equally. The GII is .468 in developing countries and .170 in developed countries.

Question 17

Gender Development Index (GDI)

Answer 17

An indicator constructed by the UN to measure the gender gap in the level of achievement in terms of income, education, and life expectancy. Countries are ranked based on their deviation from gender parity (equality). If men and women had the same HDI scores, the GDI would be 1.

Question 18

Female Labor Force Participation Rate

Answer 18

The % of women holding full-time jobs outside the home. Worldwide, 49% of women work outside the home, and 75% of men.

Question 19

Adolescent Fertility Rate

Answer 19

The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15-19. It is 16 in developed countries and 48 in developing. It is below 10 in most European countries (contraception), but 110 in sub-Saharan Africa, where contraceptive use is below 10%. It is 21 in the US, and especially high for African Americans and Hispanics (lack of $ opportunities).

Question 20

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Answer 20

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country. It has grown rapidly. Sources of FDI: transnational corporations that invest & operate in countries other than where their HQ is. 344 out of the 500 largest transnational corporations had HQs in developed countries (many in the US), & most others HQ in China.

Question 21

Microfinance

Answer 21

Provision of small loans and financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries. It is an alternative source of loans for poor developing countries who can’t qualify for regular bank loans. Ex: The Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee has also provided a few million loans to women, and the average loan is about $60 (it can get as low as $1).

Question 22

Structural Adjustment Program

Answer 22

(SAP) Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions that encourage international trade. This is how Austerity is imposed.

Question 23

Sustainable Development Goals

Answer 23

17 goals adopted by the UN in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030. They are related to poverty, hunger, education, gender equality and overall inequality, modern energy, economic growth, infrastructure, inclusive/safe cities, sustainable consumption/production patterns, ocean use, forests & desertification & degradation management, jobs, peaceful/inclusive societies, and global partnerships.

Question 23

Millennium Development Goals

Answer 23

8 goals adopted by the UN in 2002 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2015.

Question 23

Fair Trade

Answer 23

A variation of international trade that provides greater equity to workers, small businesses, and consumers, focusing primarily on products exported from developing countries to developed countries.