Intro to Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Immunisation definition

A

Process of rendering someone immune or resistant to an infectious disease.

Can be naturally acquired or artificially induced

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2
Q

Vaccination definition

A

Stimulating protective adaptive immunity by exposure to nonpathogenic forms called vaccines

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3
Q

Vaccine definition

A

Live attenuated/killed organisms or microbial components given for prevention of infectious disease.

Can be given as postexposure prophylaxis after exposure to disease causing pathogen

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4
Q

Two types of immunisation

A

Active (Natural infection vs artificial vaccine)

Passive (natural from mother vs artificial antibodies given)

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5
Q

Different protection with different types of immunisation

A

Long term protection for ACTIVE immunity

Short term protection for PASSIVE immunity

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6
Q

Current problems active immunisation

A

Lower uptake of childhood measles vaccine

UK no longer measles free

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7
Q

Types of vaccine

A

Live attenuated virus/bacteria (eg rotavirus, influenza, MMR, BCG)

Inactivated virus (Hep A, rabies)
toxin (diphtheria, tetanus)
subunit (Hep B, meningococcal)

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8
Q

Live vs inactive vaccine

A

Live:
Advantages - single/fewer doses, reproduce natural infection, good protection
Disadvantages - Reversion to virulent wild virus (cause harm), storage issues

Inactive
Advantages - safe, not mutation, stable
Disadvantages - Multiple doses/boosters needed, less effective than live, variable efficacy, high conc required

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9
Q

Target population of vaccines

A

babies (>8 weeks)
Teens (>12-14 years)
Adults (>65)

OR ANY AGE if underlying conditions

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10
Q

Routes of vaccines

A
Oral (rotavirus)
Nasal spray (influenza)
Injectable vaccine (Deltoid area/anterolateral leg of thigh in infant)
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11
Q

Mechanism of vaccination

A

Vaccine antigens and Adjuvant (contain danger signals)
MHC class 2 present antigens to TCR on CD4+
Cd4+ cell activated
PRR recognise Adjuvant
Stimulates T helper cells and CD8+ cell
MHC class 1 presents to CD8+ and activates
CD8+ stimulates effector T cells and memory cells

T helper cell stimulates B cells to proliferate and form memory cells and plasma cell that produce antibody

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12
Q

Goals of active immunisation

A

Long lasting immunity: IgA, IgG, Vaccine specific T cell response, immunological memory
QUICKER and more EFFECTIVE production of IgG
+
Herd immunity

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13
Q

What is herd immunity

A

Indirect protection from infectious disease that happens when a population is immune via vaccination or previous infection.

WHO supports achieving herd immunity via vaccination and not allowing a disease to spread through a population

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14
Q

Importance herd immunity

A

Abolishes circulation of pathogen
Protects immunocompromised
Protects those that respond poorly to vaccines

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15
Q

What does herd immunity threshold depend on

A

The R0 value (reproduction) value of disease

eg. if high R0 value (highly infectious) would need high percentage of immunity to reach herd immunity threshold

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16
Q

Immunisations strategies

A

CHILDHOOD:
Routine immunisation (8 weeks - 14years)
Some non routine if underlying health conditions

ADULT:
Travelling
>65 year olds
Medical conditions

17
Q

Contraindications to giving vaccine (reasons why you shouldnt)

A

Any severe, local or generalised reaction to previous dose of vaccine (anaphylaxis)

Moderate or severe illness (fever >38.5 degrees)

18
Q

Special considerations when giving vaccine

A

If mother received immunosuppressants during pregnancy (NO LIVE VACCINES)
Pregnant women (NO LIVE VACCINES)
Allergy to egg, gelatin, neomycin, streptomycin, polymyxin B)

19
Q

When would you not give live vaccine?

A

Baby whose mother has been on immunosuppressive medication
Pregnant women
Immunocompromised individuals

20
Q

reasons for no live vaccine to immunocompromised individuals

A

Primary/acquired immunodeficiency (affecting cell immunity)
Within 6 months of chemo/radiotherapy
Bone marrow transplant
High doses of immunosuppressive therapy past 3 months (corticosteroids, methotrexate)

21
Q

Live vaccines UK

A
Live influenza
MMR
Rotavirus
Shingles
BCG
Varicella 
Yellow fever (travel)
Oral typhoid (travel)
22
Q

Risks vaccines

A

Common: local reactions, rashes, fever, headache

Very rare: Anaphylaxis

23
Q

False contraindications to getting vaccines (doesnt mean cant get vaccine)

A
Food intolerance/allergies
Prematurity
Breastfeeding or being breast fed
Currently on antibiotic/corticosteroid therapy
Febrile convulsions/epilepsy 
Underweight
Past age of vaccine schedule
Pregnant women (BUT NO LIVE VACCINE)
Egg allergy and MMR vaccine
24
Q

How to administer vaccine

A
Intramuscular DELTOID (90 degrees to skin)
Rule out contraindications (cannot have if fever >38.5 or if anaphylaxis to previous vaccine)

If bleeding disorder/blood thinners - hold gauze down after or maybe subcutaneous injection instead

Disinfect area
Gloves

25
Q

Location vaccine

A

Most muscular section deltoid
3 fingers from acromion
90 degrees and 2cm depth