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Infection 2023 > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Beta-lactam antibiotics mechanism

A

Interferes with synthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan

(inhibits transpeptidation enzyme which links peptidoglycan chains)

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2
Q

Beta-lactam eg

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems

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3
Q

Penicillin eg

A

Co-amoxiclav

Amoxicillin

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4
Q

Penicillin use

A

Wide -> need to narrow down

Bacterial meningitidis 
Bone and joint infections
soft tissue infections
UTI/STI
Pneumonia
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5
Q

Cephalosporins eg

A

Ceftriaxone
Cefuroxime
Cefotaxime

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6
Q

Cephalosporins use

A

Septicaemia

Meningitis

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7
Q

Carbapenems structure

A

Carbon atom instead of sulfur (like penicillin has)

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8
Q

Carbapenems use

A

Penicillin allergy

broad

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9
Q

Carbapenems eg

A

Meropenem
Imipenem
Ertapenem

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10
Q

Glycopeptide antibiotics mechanism

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis (prevents incorporation of brick subunit)

NAG-NAM-PEP

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11
Q

Glycopeptide eg

A

Vancomycin

Teicoplanin

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12
Q

Glycopeptide use

A

Gram positive
Orally for treatment of C difficile
(not absorbed in GI)

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13
Q

Antibacterials affecting bacterial protein synthesis

A 
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides
Oxazolidinones
Lincosamides
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14
Q

Tetracyclines mechanism

A

Bind to bacterial ribosome

prevent binding of tRNA

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15
Q

Tetracyclines eg

A

Doxycylcine

Tetracyline

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16
Q

Tetracycline use

A

Respiratory tract infections
Acne
Chlamydia
Lyme disease

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17
Q

Tetracyclines important

A

CANNOT give to children under 12, pregnant or breastfeeding women
Stains teeth

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18
Q

Aminoglycosides mechanism

A

Bind to ribosomes
Misread mRNA
Incorrect amino acids = loss of function

BACTERICIDAL

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19
Q

Aminoglycosides example

A

Gentamicin

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20
Q

Aminoglycosides use

A

Gram negative (septicaemia) mostly

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21
Q

Caution aminoglycosides

A

nephro/ototoxic (kidney/ear toxic)

Strict therapeutic dose

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22
Q

Macrolides mechanism

A

effect ribosome translocation

bactericidal

23
Q

macolides examples

A

Clarithromycin
Erthromycin
Azithtromycin

24
Q

Macrolides use

A

similar to penicillin

respiratory pathogens

25
Q

Oxazolidinones example

A

Linezolid

26
Q

Oxazolidinones use

A

Broad if other antibiotics fail
Gram positive
Anaerobe
Pneumonia, septicaemia

27
Q

Lincosamides action

A

effect ribosomal translocation (same as macrolides)

28
Q

Lincosamides eg

A

Clindamycin

29
Q

Lincosamides use

A

gram positive cocci
penicillin resistant staphylococci
anaerobic bacteria

30
Q

Quinolones mechanism

A

Inhibit topoisomerase 2 (bacterial DNA gyrase)

31
Q

Normal topoisomerase action

A

usually produces supercoil DNA and permits transcription and replication

32
Q

Quinolones example

A

Ciprofloxacin

Levofloxacin

33
Q

quinolones use

A

Gran negative, positive and atypical
UTI (complicated)
Gonnorrhoea

34
Q

side effects quinolones

TAC

A 
Tendinitis (rupture?)
Aortic dissection (split walls)
CNS effects (convulsions)
35
Q

Antibacterials that interfere with folate synthesis/action

A

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

36
Q

Sulfonamides mechamism

A

structural analogue of PABA
PABA required synthesis of folate and therefore for DNA/RNA synthesis
competes with PABA

37
Q

enzyme sufronamides compete with PABA for

A

Dihydropteroate synthetase = less folic acid production

38
Q

sulfonamides eg

A

Sulfamethoxazole

Sulfasalazine

39
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Folate antagonist

Reversible inhibitor for dihydrofolate reductase

40
Q

why doesnt trimethoprim not destroy host DNA synthesis?

A

Binds to bacterial enzyme with higher affinity than human

41
Q

Trimethoprim use

A

UTI (careful for reproductive age - neural tube defects)

42
Q

Metronidazole use

A

Antiprotozoal

Anaerobic bacteria

43
Q

Metronidazole effects

A

Disulfiram like

Avoid using with alcohol

44
Q

Metronidazole mechanism

A

not sure - metabolise drug and activates it

blocks nucleic acid synthesis

45
Q

Antifungals 2 groups

A

Azoles

Polyenes

46
Q

Azoles mechanism

A

Inhibit fungal cytochrome P450 3A enzyme
cant form ergosterol
inhibits replication

47
Q

Azoles eg

A

Clotrimazole
Ketoconazole
Fluconazole

48
Q

Azole use

A

Candida infections

49
Q

Polyenes mechanism

A

doughnut
hole in cell membrane
leaky

50
Q

polyenes eg

A

Amphotericin (systemic fungal)

Nyastin (candida)

51
Q

Anti virals 2

A

Aciclovir (DNA polymerase inhibitors)

Oseltamivir (neuraminidase inhibitor)

52
Q

Aciclovir mechanism

A

phosphorylated by virus

inhibits DNA polymerase

53
Q

Aciclovir use

A 
Herpes
Varicella zoster (chicken pox, shingles)
54
Q

Oseltamivir mechanism

A

Inhibits enzyme (neuraminidase) that allows virions to bud and escape host cell

enzyme usually cuts the buds off

Infection 2023 (29 decks)

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