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Alevel French Revolution > Chapter 12 - The Spread Of The Terror > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - The Spread Of The Terror Flashcards

1
Q

How many victims of the Terror were there between 1792 and 1794?

A

40,000

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2
Q

How many of these were from the guillotine?

A

17,000

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3
Q

What was the guillotine seen as?

A

Was a new ‘humane’ method of execution now a sign of oppression

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4
Q

When was the period of ‘The popular Terror’?

A

Sept - Oct 1793

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5
Q

What law was established in Sept?

A

Law of Suspects

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6
Q

Before Sept how many people had the Tribunal sent to the guillotine?

A

66

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7
Q

How many had they sent 3 months after this?

A

180
(Only in Paris)

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8
Q

What had the desire for killing by the sc been inspired by?

A

The killing of the King
Political agitators - Herbert

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9
Q

What was made in response to the sc pressure?

A

Show trials

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10
Q

Who was first to be tried?

A

Marie Antoinette

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11
Q

What was she accused of?

A

Orgies
Squandering govt money
Conspiracy against int + ext secuity of state
Sharing intelligence with enermy
Incest with her son

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12
Q

Which crime was she not found guilty of?

A

Incest with her son

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13
Q

When was she guillotined?

A

16 Oct

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14
Q

What was the verdict of the 21 expelled Girodin leaders?

A

All condemned to death and guillotined 31 Oct

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15
Q

What was said in a speech from the CPS by Saint -Just 10 Oct?

A

‘The provisional government of France is revolutionary until there is peace’

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16
Q

What was the campaign used across the departements?

A
  • local watch commitees (comites de surveillance)
  • rev armies to stop federalists + counter-rev activities
  • spies + agents from Comittee of General Security
  • > 100 representants-en-mission to pursue rev cause
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17
Q

What happened even though activities were overseen by the CPS?

A

Officials and groups took law into their own hands, some acted with savagery

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18
Q

What were the worst affected areas?

A

Vendee + Toulon + Lyons

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19
Q

What happened in the Vendee?

A

7873 guillotined
2000 mass drownings (some nuns and monks in ‘mock marriages’)

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20
Q

What happened in Toulon?

A

700-800 prisoners shot or slain by bayonet in a massacre on Toulon’s Champ de Mars

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21
Q

What happened in Lyons?

A

Dec grape shot killed 2000
It was so brutal that the Convention ordered they ceased at the end of the month

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22
Q

What did the sc want to do with religion?

A

Close churches
Destroy all religious signs + symbols

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23
Q

When did the Paris Commune made dechristianisation a policy?

A

Oct

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24
Q

What replaced the crosses and religious ornaments that were destroyed and vandalised?

A

Busts of Marat

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25
Q

What other actions were made to dechristianise?

A

Churches stolen to do ‘mock ceremonies’
Bells + plates melted for coins or weapons
Street names changed
Attacks on remaining religious buildings meant they closed
Royal tombs secrated + their bones put into a common grave
People changed their names to be non-religious

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26
Q

What did lots of Clergymen do?

A

Resigned

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27
Q

What was the Notre Dame Cathedral become known as?

A

‘Temple of reason’

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28
Q

What was held there?

A

‘Festival of Reason’
They worshiped an opera singer on a paper mache mountain holding a torch and they sung hyms

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29
Q

Was the festival authorised by the convention?

A

No

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30
Q

Who thought faith could be a valuable ally?

A

Robespierre

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31
Q

Who wanted an completely secular society?

A

Fouche + Herbert

32
Q

What decree reinstated toleration on religion?

A

‘liberty of cults’

33
Q

How many priests had already been forced to renounce their positions?

A

20,000

34
Q

What was the situation by the end of 1793?

A

Federalist revolt under control + war + economy (due to good harvest)

35
Q

Why were new laws put in place to strengthen the positions of the CPS + CGS?

A

Robespierre + Montagnards thought F needed more ordered system of govt
It could control activities of sc who wanted more power + property - this didn’t help keeping support from big taxpayers + disruption from dechristianisation

36
Q

What did The Law of 14 Frimaire II do?

A

Gave CPS centralised power
Departments only reposible for tax collection + public works
Armees revolutionaires disbanded
Popular societies + patriotic committees closed down

37
Q

What did the law also do?

A

Destroyed sc influence by removing their most important channels for activity

38
Q

What did the 2 laws of Ventose do?

A

Promised patriots a share of property + land seized from counter-revs
(but was carried out with little enthusiasm or ignored)

39
Q

Who were the two extremists?

A
  • Herbert - complained R setting up a dictatorship + called for sc to rise against ‘those who oppress us’
  • Danton +Desmoulins - popular, suggested it was time for the Terror to be scaled back
40
Q

What did R argue there needed to be be for a ‘Republic of Virtue’?

A

Self-sacrifice

41
Q

Who were declared publicly evil by Saint-Just?

A

Herbertists + Indulgents

42
Q

What made the Herbertists arrested and executed?

A

Rumours of a plot to massacre members of the NC

43
Q

When were the Indulgents then arrested?

A

30 March

44
Q

When were Danton and Desmoulins guillotined?

A

5 April

45
Q

What did the removal of extremist mean?

A

Growing splits in the CPS and Convention

46
Q

What did members of the ‘Plain’ in the Conv favour?

A

Reduction of Terror
(But didn’t want to be labelled as Indulgents)

47
Q

What were R, Couthon + S-J known as?

A

A ‘Triumvirate’

48
Q

What did R do to rid the country of corruption?

A

1000 guillotined
Prisons cleansed of refractory priests, nobles, men + women who couldn’t meet R moral standards

49
Q

What did R announce in mar 1794?

A

New series of festivals celebrating Republican virtues

50
Q

What was he trying to make them be rather than Athiest?

A

Deist
(with a belief in the existence in God)

51
Q

What was R new State religion called?

A

The cult of the Supreme Being

52
Q

What was shown in the festival of the Supreme Being?

A

Dancing
Parade
Speech on Republican virtues
Statue of Atheism burned to show wisdom
Liberty tree
Statue of Hercules

53
Q

How was the war going in 1794?

A

Well as they were winning most wars

54
Q

What started the intensifying of the Terror?

A

The Law of 22 Prairial

55
Q

What did the Lof22P do overall?

A

Made convictions easier by simplifying judicial process

56
Q

What was outlined in Lof22P?

A
  • ‘enemies of the people’ put in front of Parisian Rev Tribunal
  • Citizens denounce any suspects
  • Trials no longer than 3 days
  • No witness or defence, juries judge on accusation and accused defence
  • 2 verdicts = acquittal or death
  • Convention’s deputies immunity from prosecution disappeared
57
Q

What months were the Great Terror?

A

Jun - Jul 1794

58
Q

How many death sentences and acquittals were there in this time?

A

DS = 1284
A = 278

59
Q

Why was this phase of the Terror more classed based?

A

Excutions:
Nobles = 35%
Clergy = 25%
Bourgeoisie = 40%

60
Q

What other measures were looked at by R?

A

Maximum wage set - angered workers
Rise in price of bread as farmers planted less

61
Q

Why was the CGS hostile?

A

Still subordinate to CPS
Weren’t consulted over Lof22P
R + S-J set up separate surveillance and police network to hunt for counter-revs (job of CGS)

62
Q

Why was the CPS hostile?

A

S-J argued with Carnot about military tactics
S-J annoyed not being involved with Lof22P
Deputies scared R turning into dictator

63
Q

Why was the local govt breaking down?

A

Overload of work + atmosphere of fear

64
Q

Who disagreed with the Cult of Supreme Being?

A

Catholic Priests + Athiests

65
Q

What is Thermidor?

A

July

66
Q

What did R stop doing in July?

A

Attending CPS meetings

67
Q

Why did he say he couldn’t attend?

A

He said he needed time to think

68
Q

What did this make people?

A

More suspicious
Deputies carried pistols and employed bodyguards + spies

69
Q

What happened 8 Thermidor?
(26 Jul)

A

R gave last speech to NC accusing people in govt of conspiring against ‘public liberty’ and suggested for more purges but refused to mention the names who he was accusing

70
Q

What happened 9 Thermidor?
(27 Jul)

A

S-J wanted to say a speech but accusations and ‘Down with the tyrant’ chants interrupted him
A decree to arrest R + his bro, S-J, Couthon, Le Bas and were taken to separate prisons for the night

71
Q

What fraction of people responded in the sections to defend R?

A

1/3

72
Q

What did the Commune manage to do?

A

Liberate R + other deputies

73
Q

What was then sent by the Convention?

A

A force to retake them

74
Q

What happened in the room they were found?

A
  • Le Bas = shot himself + died
  • A’s bro = out the window + broke leg
  • Couthon = in wheelchair down stairs + survived
  • R = shot through jaw
  • S-J = taken without resistance
75
Q

What happened 10 Thermidor?
(28 Jul)

A

R + 22 associates found guilty
All apart from Le Bas went to guillotine that day

76
Q

In total how many Commune members lost their lives?

A

87/95

Alevel French Revolution (24 decks)

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