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BIO224 > ENDO > Flashcards

ENDO Flashcards

1
Q

Portal system structure

A

portal system-capillaries->vein->enter another capillary bed provides rapid delivery of controlling hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

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2
Q

GnRH does

A

controls release of LH and FSH from gonadotroph cells.

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3
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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4
Q

GnRH purpose and target organ

A

stimulates LH+FSH in ant pituitary
GnRH->ant. Pituitary gonadotrophs->LH+FSH->gonadotropin->ovaries/testes

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5
Q

GnRH and FSH inhibited by

A

GnRH and FSH are inhibited with negative feedback loop @hypothalmus/gonadotrophs by increased levels of estrogen in women/testosterone in men

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6
Q

PRH purpose and target organ

A

Prolactin releasing hormone->ant. Pituitary lactotrophs->prolactin releasing hormones go to mammary glands.

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7
Q

PRH

A

Prolactin releasing hormone

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8
Q

PRH inhibited by

A

inhibited by Prolactin inhibiting hormone/PIH. PIH structurally a dopamine and regulated by estrogen

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9
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin releasing hormone

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10
Q

CRH purpose and target organ

A

stimulates ACTH to be released.
Hypothalamus->CRH->ant. Pituitary corticotrophs->ACTH/corticotropin->adrenal cortex(zone fasciculata)->cortisol

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11
Q

CRH inhibited by

A

Cortisol negative feedback to corticotrophs and hypothalamus to inhibit CRH and ACTH

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12
Q

TRH stimulates

A

Production of TSH

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13
Q

TRH:

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

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14
Q

TRH purpose and pathway

A

stimulate production of TSH
Hypothalamus->TRH->ant. Pituitary thyrotrophs->TSH/thyrotropin->thyroid(target)->T3+T4

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15
Q

TSH purpose

A

TSH stimulates thyroid to produce T3+t4

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16
Q

TSH

A

Thyrotropin

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17
Q

TRH inhibitor/regulator

A

T3+T4

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18
Q

GHRH

A

growth hormone releasing hormone

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19
Q

GHRH

A

growth hormone releasing hormones:

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20
Q

GHRH purpose

A

stimulates somatotrophs to release GH(growth hormone.

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21
Q

GHRH pathway

A

Hypothalamus->GHRH->ant. Pituitary somatotrophs->GH/growth hormone->liver-> IGF/insulin like growth factor-> blood sugar increases

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22
Q

IGF

A

Insulin-like growth factor

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23
Q

IGF produced in

A

the liver

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24
Q

GHRH inhibited

A

by GHIH/growth hormone inhibiting hormone and affected by blood glucose levels

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25
Q

GHIH

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone

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26
Q

Anterior pituitary made of

A

Secretory tissue

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27
Q

2 parts of anterior pituitary

A

Pars distalis-bigger part
Pars tuberalis-part around the infudibulum

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28
Q

Anterior pituitary cell types

A

somatotroph
thyrotroph
gonadotroph
corticotroph
lactotroph

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29
Q

Anterior pituitary controlled by

A

hypothalamus secreting neurosecretory cells-> neurons that secrete hormones

negative feedback loops

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30
Q

Anterior pituitary major hormones and organ targets

A

Thyroid gland: thyroid stimulating hormone/TSH/thyrotropin

Liver: Human growth hormone/hGH/somatotropin (insulin like growth factor

Adrenal cortex: adrenocorticotropic hormone/ACTH/corticotropin

Ovaries/testes: Follicle stimulating hormone/FSH
Ovaries/testes: luteinizing hormone/LH

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31
Q

Thyrotroph cell purpose

A

: makes thyroid stimulating hormone/TSH/thyrotropin (tropic hormone) helps control thyroid (stimulate)

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32
Q

Gonadotroph cell purpose

A

Gonadotrophs make 2 different hormones: LH/luteinizing hormone + FSH follicle stimulating hormone known as gonadotropins stimulates gonad secretion of estrogen, testosterone

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33
Q

Lactotroph cell purpose

A

Lactotrophs make prolactin/PRL: in mammary glands promotes milk production

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34
Q

Corticotroph cell purpose

A

Corticotrophs make ACTH/adrenocorticotropic hormone/corticotropin. Target is Adrenal gland: adrenal cortex (zone fasciculata) stipulates secrete glucocorticoid hormones

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35
Q

Posterior pituitary made of

A

Neural tissue

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36
Q

Posterior pituitary purpose

A

Store and release hormones made in the hypothalamus that it received via the hypothalamohypophyseal tract

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37
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stored in posterior pituitary. produced by paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

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38
Q

ADH

A

Antidiaretic hormone/vasopressin

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39
Q

Vassopressin

A

ADH/antidiuretic hormone

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40
Q

ADH/Vassopressin

A

stored in posterior pituitary. made by the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus.

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41
Q

how do hormones enter blood stream from pituitary gland

A

pituitary hormones are secreted and the capillaries in the infundibular process absorb the into the boodstream

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41
Q

how do hormones enter blood stream from pituitary gland

A

pituitary hormones are secreted and the capillaries in the infundibular process absorb the into the boodstream

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42
Q

Oxytocin target

A

uterus (increase contractions)
mammary glands (release milk)

Males contraction of prostate gland

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43
Q

ADH target

A

kidneys: decrease urine production. triggers kidneys to reabsorb water,
sudoriferous/sweat glands (reduce sweating)
Arterioles (constrict to help maintain BP if blood volume is low due to dehydration/blood loss)

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44
Q

Pituitary dwarfism

A

Hyposecretion of HGH during childhood

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45
Q

Pituitary giganitism

A

hyperseretion of HGH in childhood

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46
Q

Acromegaly disorder

A

excess hGH during adult hood. large feet hands and face

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46
Q

Acromegaly disorder

A

excess hGH during adult hood. large feet hands and face

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47
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

Causes dilute urine due to ack of antidiuretic hormone usually caused by damage to pituitary. usually perpetually thirsty and prone to dehydration

48
Q

Pineal gland

A

Tiny gland in epithalamus: secretes melatonin with decreased light

49
Q

Thyroid composition

A

Hollow spheres=thyroid follicles
Cuboidal cells=follicle cells->line thyroid follicles
Thyroglobulin/TGB/colloid=In the middle is a gelatinous, iodine rich substance
C-cells/parafollicle cells=between follicles->produce calcitonin

50
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by C-cells/parafollicle cells in the thyroid. calcitonin is secreted when calcium levels in blood rises->triggers bone osteblasts and bone deposition(uses Ca to make bone)

51
Q

PTH

A

Parathyroid hormone

52
Q

PTH purpose

A

maintain Ca homeostasis. PTH secreted if there is low Ca in blood. Triggers bone break down by increasing osteoclast activity and resorption of bone tissue, increased Ca absortion from the gut and increased Ca reabsorbtion from the kidneys.

53
Q

PTH antagonist

A

Calcitonin. Released in thyroid by c-cells

54
Q

parathyroid

A

Secretes PTH to increase Ca in blood. posterior of thyroid. small round glands on the thyroid

55
Q

Thymus

A

During infancy/early childhood secrets thymosin and thymopeitin, stimulates growth of T lymphocytes. gradually replaced by fat and other CT in adults

56
Q

Adrenal gland zones

A

zona glomerulosa-outer
zona fasciculata-middle
zona reticularus-inner
Adrenal medulla-deep region

57
Q

adrenal cortex

A

Most superficial region of adrenal gland made of glandular tissue

58
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

outermost layer of adrenal gland. thin layer where cells are arranged in clusters.
Secretes steroids: mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone

59
Q

what secretes aldosterone

A

secretes from zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland.

60
Q

zona fasciculata

A

middle zone of the adrenal gland. cells stacked on top of each other, appears columnar
secretes glucocorticoids such as cortisol

61
Q

Cortisol

A

regulates stress response, blood glucose, gluid homeostasis and inflammation. secreted by zona fasciculata(middle) of the adrenal gland

62
Q

Aldosterone

A

Regulates fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
secreted by the outer zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland

63
Q

Zona reticularis

A

innermost zone of the adrenal gland. stains darker and tightly packed.
secretes glucocorticoids and steroids called gonadocorticoids that affect gonads and other tissues

64
Q

gonadocorticoids

A

affect gonads and other tissues.
secreted by Innermost zone: zona reticularis of the adrenal land

65
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Deep region of the adrenal gland. made of post synaptic sympathetic neurons that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation

66
Q

Epinephrine/norepinephrine secreted

A

Adrenal Medulla/deep region of the adrenal cortex. (adrenalin)

67
Q

Pancreas recognition

A

Pancreatic islets surrounded by acinar/exocrine cells

68
Q

pancreas secretes

A

insulin and glucagon: regulates blood glucose levels

69
Q

Insulin

A

triggers the uptake of glucose by cells->blood glucose goes down. secreted by the pancreas

70
Q

Glucagon

A

triggers release of stored glucose in the liver->blood glucose goes up

71
Q

Leydig cells

A

interstitial cells in testes produce testosterone hormone (steroid) promotes sperm cells and male sex characteristics

72
Q

Testes produce

A

Sperm cells/male gametes produce steroid hormone testosterone

73
Q

Ovaries produce

A

Oocytes/female gametes produce estrogen and progesterone

74
Q

Estrogen

A

oocyte development and female sex characteristics

75
Q

progesterone

A

prepares body for pregnancy

76
Q

Hormone definition

A

Mediator molecule which is release by one part of the body that regulates activity of cells in another part of the body

77
Q

How do hormones interact with target cells

A

By binding to receptors in the cell membrane (proteins and amino hormones)
Or inside the cell (longest protein and steroids/cholesterol based hormone)

78
Q

endocrine gland purpose

A

to secrete hormones into the bloodstream to target cells with the proper hormone receptors

79
Q

Paracrine diffusion

A

hormones released from the cell target nearby cells

80
Q

Autocrine diffusion

A

autocrine cell releases a hormone that it also has a receptor for

81
Q

Types of hormones

A

Amine
Peptide
protein
steroid

82
Q

amine based hormone

A

amino acids with modified groups
water soluble
epinephrine
norepinephrine
histamine

83
Q

Peptide based hormone

A

Short chains of linked amino acids
water soluble
oxytocin
ADH-Antidiuretic hormone
insulin
GH-growth hormone
Eicosanoids: leukotrienes

84
Q

protein based hormone

A

long chains of linked amino acids
water soluble

85
Q

cholesterol based hormone

A

Steroid made from lipid cholesterol
Lipid soluble (can go through cell membrane)
90% utilize a transport protein to make it water soluble to ride through the blood to the target cell

86
Q

Transport protein for hormones usually produce d in

A

liver

87
Q

Steroid hormones, typically synthesized or stored?

A

Synthesized on demand

88
Q

How do water soluble hormones interact with the target cell

A

Usually binds to hormone receptors on cell membranes and trigger inner cell response: usually second messengers have kinase cascade

89
Q

Factors that determine target cell response

A

Hormone concentration in the blood
Amount of target receptors for the hormone on the cell
Influence of other hormones: synergistic/antagonistic

90
Q

3 ways hormone secretion is regulated

A

signals from the nervous system
changes in blood chemical composition
Tropic hormones: hormones that cause another hormone to be secreted in an endocrine gland

91
Q

Hypothalamus location

A

Under the thalamus next to the pituitary gland

92
Q

Hypothalamus purpose

A

Considered the master regulator: major link between the nervous system and endocrine system. Regulates the release of pituitary hormones

93
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate the anterior pituitary

A

Hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

94
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

capillaries in the hypothalamus secrete into a vein which enters the Ant. pituitary which has capillaries around the same vein. provides rapid delivery of controlling hormones

95
Q

Hormones sent from the hypothalamus to the Ant. Pituitary

A

GnRH: gonadotropin releasing hormone
PRH: Prolactin releasing hormone
CRH: corticotropin releasing hormone
TRH: thyrotropin releasing hormone
GHRH: growth hormone releasing hormone

96
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone: controls the release of LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) which target the testes/ovaries
secreted by the hypothalamus

97
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone: plays an important role in women sexual development triggers steroid production in ovaries
helps control menstrual cycles and triggers the release of the egg
Men: triggers leydig cells to produce testosterone in the testes.

98
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone:
Women: helps regulate menstrual cycle. stimulates egg production in ovaries
MEN: help control the production of sperm in testes

99
Q

PRH

A

Prolactin releasing hormone: stimulate prolactin release. prolactin target mammary glands to stimulate milk production

100
Q

CRH

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone: stimulates ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) release
ACTH target is zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland to produce cortisol

101
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone secreted by -ant. pituitary
ACTH target is zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland to produce cortisol

102
Q

TRH

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus to the ant. pituitary
TRH->stimulates TSH (thyrotropin) release from ant. pituitary thyrotrophs. target of TSH is thyroid to release T3 And T4

103
Q

TSH

A

TSH=Thyrotropin-secreted by ant. pituitary: target is thyroid to release T3 and T4

104
Q

GHRH

A

Growth hormone releasing Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus. stimulates somatotrophs to release GH-growth hormone
GH targets the liver to release IGF-1

105
Q

GH

A

Growth hormone-secreted by the Ant. Pituitary somatotrophs
Target is the liver to release IGF-1 (insulin like growth factor) and increase blood sugar

106
Q

IGF-1

A

Insulin like growth factor. secreted by the liver and increases blood sugar in response to GH

107
Q

GHIH

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone inhibits GHRH. Both GHIH and GHRH are affected by blood glucose levels

108
Q

Pituitary gland made of

A

secretory tissue makes it up

109
Q

Pituitary gland is known as

A

The hypothesis about pH

110
Q

Pituitary gland location

A

in the hypothesis fossa of the sphenoid bone attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

111
Q

Anterior pituitary known as

A

adeno hypothesis

112
Q

Anterior pituitary is controlled by

A

the hypothalamus secreting tropins and negative feed back loops

113
Q

Ant. pituitary Hormones that target the thyroid gland

A

TSH (thyroid secreting hormone) secreted by thyrotrophs

114
Q

Thyroid gland secretes what on response to TSH

A

T3+T4

115
Q

T3 +t-T4 affects

A

Acts on all cells in the body to increase metabolic rate, increase protein synthesis and regulate HR and BP
T4 is converted to T3 if blood volume drops

116
Q

Ant. pituitary Hormones that target the Liver

A

GH(growth hormone) secreted from somatotrophs in the Ant. Pituitary targets the liver which secretes IGF-1 insulin like growth factor

117
Q

Ant. pituitary Hormones that target the adrenal gland

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) secreted by corticotrophs in response to CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) from the ant. pituitary

118
Q

Liver secretes what in response to GH

A

IGF-1 insulin like growth factor

119
Q

adrenal gland secretes what in response to ACTH

A

Adrenal cortex secretes different chemicals in different zones. zona glomerulosa->mineralcorticoids like aldosterone which regulate fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
zona fasciculata-> glucocoticoids like cortisol
zona reticularus->glucocorticoids and steroids called gonadocorticiods that affect gonads and other tissues

BIO224 (13 decks)

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