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BIO224 > immune 2 > Flashcards

immune 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphocytes characteristics

A

WBC capable of recognizing antigens. they have antigen receptors on cell membranes
T lymphocytes can recognize different parts of the antigen

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2
Q

How do receptor proteins work

A

They are shaped to bind to a specific antigen. Antigens can be remembered by the body using special cells

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3
Q

Antigen characteristics

A

usually a protein. They have an epitope/antigenic determinant where a receptor reacts to a small piece of protein

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4
Q

epitope

A

antigenic determinant

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5
Q

MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex
membrane proteins that mark cells as part of the body

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6
Q

MHC 1 found

A

all body cells except RBC

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7
Q

MHC 2 found

A

on cells that can act as antigen presenting cells

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8
Q

APC

A

antigen presenting cell
can be dendritic, macrophages or B lymphocytes

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9
Q

Cytokines

A

Small proteins that help controle immune response secreted by APCs, macrophages or mast cells
help attract WBC
help stimulate phagocytosis and clonal expansion of T and B cells

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10
Q

Cytokine types

A

perforin
prostaglandin
tumor necrosis factor
interferon
histamines
interleukins
pyrogens

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11
Q

of antigen receptors in the body

A

100 million. made of different parts of genes

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12
Q

B cells are called this because

A

they are made in the red Bone marrow

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13
Q

B cell purpose

A

respond to antigens
produce plasma cells to make antibodies and memory b cells

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14
Q

T cells are called this because

A

they mature in the Thymus but are made in the red bone marrow

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15
Q

Types of T cells

A

cytotoxic: kill infected cells
memory: remembers antigen and can respond
helper: regulates immune response by releasing cytokines

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16
Q

T cell clonal expansion

A
  1. Macrophage with MHC II proteins encounters an antigen (Ag)
  2. macrophage engulfs antigen and present antigenic epitope on MHCII protein becomes APC
  3. APC encounters immature T cell with receptor II +CD4
  4. APC secretes IL1+ CD4 T cell autocrine secretes and binds to ILII
  5. colonal expansion makes helper t+memory T cells. Happens in tonsils, lymphnodes and other lymphatic tissues and organs
17
Q

Costimulation

A

when APC binds to Th at the antigen and IL1 and IL2 are secreted

18
Q

Cytotoxic T cell expansion

A
  1. antigen (Ag) encounters and binds MHC1 immature cytotoxic T cell receptor with CD8 protein
  2. Costimulation done with helper T cell secreting IL2 to the cytotoxic t cell.
  3. clonal expansion makes more Tc and memory Tc. Tc goes through blood stream to find and kill infected cells by releasing perforin and can release lymphotoxin or granzymes to induce cell death, can induce tumor necrosis factor and can cause cytolysis

Tc cells are trained in the thymus not to hurt self cells

19
Q

B cells can circulate in

A

blood and lymph

20
Q

Antibodies (Ab)

A

known as immunoglobulin (Ig) secreted by Bcell receptors
have 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains of poly peptides (quaternary structure)

21
Q

Functions of antibodies

A

5 catagories
1. neutralize: binds to antigen prevents body from attaching to body cells/toxins
2. immobilize bacteria: binds to flagella on bacteria
3. clumping: agglutination clumping of body cells. precipitation: clumping of molecules/toxins/proteins causes it to precipitate out of solution
4. activate complement system:
5. stimulate phagocytosis: makes antibodies for destruction

22
Q

Ig types (immunoglobulin)

A
  1. IGG: Y shape 80% of antibodies in the blood, can be in lymph can cross placenta to share immunity with fetus. can activate complement sys. enhance phagocytosis
  2. IGM: Pentomer: 5-10%. largest: stimulates macrophages early in infection. activates complement system, clumps, peaks before IGG
  3. IGA: Dimer: 10% Ig. what we secrete, mucous, tears, milk. prevents binding to epithelial cells or entering bloodstream. keep out of body
  4. IGD. monomer. forms B cell receptors on immature B cells says ready for activation
  5. IGE: monomer on dendritic cells mostly in tissues. stimulates histamine release->inflammation. protect from parasitic worms
23
Q

Second exposure there s an increase in

A

IGG/Y immunoglobulin

24
Q

Passive induced immunity

A

patient is given antibodies for infection works until Antibodies run out: anti venom

25
Q

Active induced

A

memory T+B cells made by the body: vaccines: long term resistance

26
Q

B cell clonal expansion

A
  1. B cell with MHCII and Bcell receptors )BcR)
  2. encounter Ag and B cell becomes APC on MHCII of B cell
  3. Encounters a helper tcell: CD4 cell releases ILII->stimulates B cell colonal expansion
  4. Makes plasma cells and some B cells
  5. plasma cells secrete antibodies

BIO224 (13 decks)

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