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HP Exam 2 > Husbandry & Low Stress Handling > Flashcards

Husbandry & Low Stress Handling Flashcards

Cattle husbandry SR husbandry Swine husbandry

1
Q

How long are SR usually quarantined to keep dz out of herds?

A

30 days

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2
Q

Why should you not buy small ruminants from the stock yard?

A

they are “throw away” animals and thats were you will bring in lots of diseases

you should know where your animals come from and the disease status of the farm they are coming from.

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3
Q

What are 5 routine things to do with your quarantining small ruminants to keep disease out of your herd?

A
  1. deworm (with all 3 classes)
  2. foot soak and trims (Zn sulfate 10%)
  3. vaccinate w/ same vaccines as resident animals
  4. adjust them to resident feed gradually
  5. serology – Johnes, CLA, CAE
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4
Q

Healthy does NOT = disease/pathogen free!
Name the following scenarios:
1. healthy + disease/pathogen free
2. healthy + sick, but recovered and shedding pathogen
3. healthy + infected but not sick yet but shedding pathogen
4. healthy + infected but wont get sick

A
  1. healthy + disease/pathogen free = healthy
  2. healthy + sick, but recovered and shedding pathogen = carrier status
  3. healthy + infected but not sick yet but shedding pathogen = pre-incubatory carrier
  4. healthy + infected but wont get sick = transitory infection
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5
Q

What is the protocol for animals entering a farm?

A
  • know what diseases exist in the flock
  • know current health programs
  • ask for references from others who have purchased from this farm
  • bring ONLY healthy animals and ppl in
  • quarantine for 30d
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6
Q

What can an owner do at facilities to decrease the acquisition of diseases in show animals?

A
  1. clean stall before use
  2. have a stall space between animals
  3. do not share equipment
  4. post signs (do not touch animals)
  5. hand santitizer
  6. cover equipment and feed
  7. dispose of bedding and feed exposed to ground
  8. wear proper clothes and shoes
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7
Q

How many acres of pasture would 10 small ruminants require?

A

5 small ruminants = 1 cow/calf unit

1 cow/calf unit requires 2 acres

10 SRs would require 4 acres

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8
Q

What is the average water consumption of a SR per day? (in % or L)

A

3.5-15 L per day

(6-20% BW)

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9
Q

What should the average TDN be for a SR per day? (%)

A

55-70%

depending on growth and lactation

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10
Q

What should be the average protein intake for SR per day? (%)

A

15-16% for growing and lactating animals

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11
Q

For SR, Maintenance TDN = _____% and maintenance
protein= ____%

A

TDN = 53
protein = 8

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12
Q

How much on average do adult SR eat per day (in % of BW) in the following situations?
A. maintenance:
B: lactating:
C: growing:

A

A. maintenance: 2% of BW
B: lactating: 4% of BW
C: growing: 5% of BW

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13
Q

How much (in % of BW) do lambs and kids drink of milk per day?

A

20% of BW

4 feedings in the first week of life, 3 feedings during week 2 and 3, and 2 feedings during 4th week.

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14
Q

at what age do lambs and kids wean?

A

lambs – 8-12 weeks
kids – they kinda wean themselves at 4 months

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15
Q

how much mineral should SR get per day?

A

1/2 oz

(keep it mind this should be LOOSE mineral)

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16
Q

What should you add to the mineral mix if your ewe is in late gestation and why?

A

limestone (Calcium Carbonate) – to prevent hypocalcemia

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17
Q

What is the appropriate Ca:P ratio of a SR ration to avoid urolithiasis?

A

2:1

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18
Q

When is castration performed in SR?

A

during 1st week of life
using bands or cutting the bottom half of the scrotum off and pulling the testicles out.

Ideally it would be best to wait until 6 months to reduce risk of urolithiasis

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19
Q

when should tail docking be performed in SR?

A

during 1st week of life
using bands or surgical removal

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20
Q

when should dehorning be performed in SR?

A

1 week of age

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21
Q

You are called to a sheep farm because the farmer noticed that one of the sheep has its horns growing into its face. What procedure will you do to fix this issue?

A

horn tipping
cut off the horn with wire

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22
Q

What are the risks of using bands and of castrating too early in SR?

A

tetanus
castrating too early – urolithiasis

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23
Q

how can you prevent tetanus in your lambs and kids that you are planning to do bands on to remove testicles or tail?

A

vaccinate dam 3-4 weeks prior to parturition

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24
Q

why is it vital that when tail docking a SR, you place the band at the distal end of the caudal tail fold?

A

to decrease risk of rectal prolapses

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25
Q

Why do we reduce feed to SR dams during the weaning period?

A

to “dry” them up

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26
Q

T/F: during the weaning period for SR, we can palpate the udder and based on teat size and udder consistency, we make culling decisions

A

true

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27
Q

When do we typically do shearing and treatment for lice in SR and what is the purpose?

A

prior to lambing
decreases preg toxemia, decreases humidity in barn, makes lambing cleaner, leads to less crushing of lambs
& obv to get rid of any lice

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28
Q

If a 10 lb lamb was just born and you need to give the
Vit E and Se injection, how much would you give?
Dosage = 1 mL/30 lb

A

0.3 mL

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29
Q

Which ruminant does not like rain?

A

goats

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30
Q

What are the consequences of not having enough or not rotating shade for SR?

A

they will congregate and it will get all muddy and gross

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31
Q

What are the 5 freedoms of animal welfare that we (vets and producers) can assess by looking at the animals and their environment?

A

free from hunger or thirst
free from discomfort
free from pain, injury, or disease
free to express normal behavior
free from fear/distress

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32
Q

What type of water is considered “unavailable water”?

A

frozen water

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33
Q

In (dairy or beef cattle) fecal contamination of water sources more of a concern.

A

dairy

34
Q

T/F: cattle themselves have negative impacts on the environment around them by creating erosion

A

true

35
Q

Aside from fecal contamination, what are 2 other major contaminants of water?

A

blue green algae
sulfur

36
Q

What are the MOST ideal conditions for hay bales?

A

covered and OFF of the ground

37
Q

what is haylage and how is that different from hay?

A

haylage is ensiled hay that is wrapped in plastic. It leads to less loss (most of which occurs during the storage process as opposed to field loss).

38
Q

Explain the difference between hay and straw

A

hay is blades of grass and is used as FEED
straw is the stalk of grain and is used as BEDDING

39
Q

What is the downside to hay rings and what is a potential solution?

A

the animals congregate around the ring and cause the ground to become muddy
the solution is to move it around

40
Q

What is the difference between salt blocks and loose mineral?

A

salt blocks contain 94-97% NaCl and are low in other minerals
loose mineral is 18-24% NaCl with a greater amount of other minerals.

loose mineral is the ideal choice for mineral supplementation

41
Q

What do you feed the lactating dairy cow?

A

TMR
total mixed ration is a mix of corn or alfalfa silage, hay, and some commodity (soybean meal, etc.)
the purpose of mixing it together is so that we avoid the cattle not getting well-rounded nutrition by picking out the “good parts”

42
Q

What is the BEST evaluation of a COWS nutritional status and energy reserves?

A

BCS done consistently
performed pre-breeding and pre-calving to PREVENT issues from arising.
Dairy cows ideal BCS is 3/5
Beef cows ideal BCS is 5-6/9

43
Q

What is the FIRST aspect of the beef cow that you should assess if determining BCS?

A

tail head fat
if its present –> automatically 5 or higher
if not –> automatically 4 or less

If 4 or less, you can look at transverse processes.
if visible individually = 3 or less
if visible but not individually = 4

if greater than 5, look at ribs
if ribs (1+) visible = 5
if ribs are not visible = 6+

44
Q

Aside from necessities such as food and water, what is the most important thing we provide to beef cows?

A

Shade! this can be in the form of trees, buildings, barns, etc.

45
Q

T/F: it is ok to use barbed wire fencing for cattle.

A

true
unlike horses, cattle will not usually injure themselves with this type of fencing

46
Q

What are the 4 purposes of cattle facilities?

A
  1. 5 freedoms (discomfort, pain, disease, stress, fear)
  2. improve safety of animal and humans
  3. improve health of animals
  4. improve efficiency
47
Q

What is goal of a beef cow?

A

produce weaned calf every year (entails getting pregnant, calving, and raising a quality calf to weaning ideally without assistance or interventions)

48
Q

What is the gestation (in days) for cattle?

A

~283 days

49
Q

If the gestation is 283 days, how many days does a beef cow have to get pregnant to produce next years calf?

A

~82 days

50
Q

What is the most common way for beef cows to breed?

A

natural service

51
Q

In most beef production systems, what management practice is mandatory for profitability?

A

defined breeding/calving season where breeding is limited to 45-120 days.

52
Q

What are the benefits of having a defined breeding/calving season?

A
  1. defined calving season – good for consolidating monitoring and assistance and provides uniform calf crop
  2. optimize available nutritional resources, weather, and labor
  3. more efficient and timely herd health of cow and calf (nutrition, vaccines, deworming, implants)
  4. increase marketing options
53
Q

Why is it most ideal to limit breeding season to 65 days?

A

she will have 3 heat cycles within the 65 day period, most of which will get pregnant during the 1st cycle, but those who dont have chances within the 2 subsequent cycles.
basically, you get a higher pregnancy rate.

54
Q

What is the dairy cows biggest goal and what does she have to do in order to achieve it?

A

produce milk year round (ideally the same amount each day)
there must be a 13.5 month calving interval

55
Q

how are dairy cows usually bred?

A

AI

56
Q

When is lactation highest in regard to the 13 month calving interval?

A

Near the VWP and the defined breeding season

it wil decrease as gestation goes along and be lowest when she reaches her “dry period” where she will not be milked to be given time to recover for the next calving period.

57
Q

how long does the production of beef products take in comparison to dairy products?

A

beef – 26-34 months
dairy – 2-3 days

58
Q

Why do we consider dairy cattle to have higher stress?

A

they are constantly being moved and having to endure “change”
they have dry periods where they are placed in dry lots with certain cattle, then when they have their calf, they are moved to the lactating barn with new animals, etc.
throughout all of this, there diet is changed as well.
all is very stressful

59
Q

what is a dairy herd check?

A

performed monthly or weekly
palpation of cows (heat detection, preg dg, dry cow ID), look for illness, have milk and breeding records
can also do breeding assistance and synchronize cows for AI, dehorn, vaccinate, etc.

60
Q

What is the goal of pig operations and how is it accomplished?

A

to produce healthy pork product for the consumer

accomplished through good management + knowledge, a good relationship with vets, and healthy animals

61
Q

__________ facilities are responsible for thermal control and ventilation of the facility.

A

modern

62
Q

Piglets enjoy warmer temperatures, whereas older pigs can tolerate cooler temps. What are the general ranges that each age will tolerate (their thermal zone)?

A

pre-nursery = 80-90 F
nursery = 65-80 F
growers = 60-75 F
finishers = 50-75 F
sows and boars = 60-75 F

63
Q

What is a characteristic of the floors in confinement buildings of modern swine operations?

A

slated floors depending on the size of the pigs in order to allow manure to pass through

64
Q

Most pigs are housed in groups are are fed through feeders. What do you need to ensure about the feeder?

A

that there is adequate space for each pig to eat.

65
Q

There are various types of waterers for pigs – nipple waterers, cup waterers, wet/dry waterers, and trough. These allow for drinking (obviously) but what 2 other things?

A

environmental enrichment
cooling

66
Q

How much water do each of the following pigs drink per day?
A. nursery pigs
B. grower pigs
C. finisher pigs
D. nonpreg gilts
E. preg sows
F. lactating sows
G. boars

A

A. nursery pigs = 2.8 L
B. grower pigs = 12-20 L
C. finisher pigs = 12-20L
D. nonpreg gilts = 12 L
E. preg sows = 12-25 L
F. lactating sows = 10-30 L
G. boars = 20 L

67
Q

What is the general trend for water consumption in pigs per day?

A

they drink a lot!
growing, pregnancy, and latation require more intake

68
Q

what is an ideal BCS for swine?

A

3-4

69
Q

Regardless of being in a stall or crate, the pig MUST be able to do what?

A
  1. lie down without head resting on raised feeder
  2. lie down without rear quarters being in contact with back of stall
  3. easily lie down in full lateral recumbency and stand back up
70
Q

How much should a breeding herd of swine be fed per day? What if they are lactating?

A

6 lb / head / day

double if lactating

71
Q

In addition to monitoring general health and BCS, why should we monitor conformation and structure of musculoskeletal system?

A

they stand on concrete all the time and this impacts their conformation a lot.

fast growing pig get OCD.

72
Q

what is a non-productive sow (NPD)?

A

a female that is within the breeding herd and is NOT pregnant or nursing a litter

73
Q

what factors affect non-productive sows (NPD)?

A
  1. preservice interval
  2. postservice interval
  3. removal interval
74
Q

Which has a higher % of sows cycling post-weaning
a. gilts
b. sows

A

sows

gilts are still growing

75
Q

what are factors that can decrease % of sows cycling post weaning?

A
  1. low BCS or poor nutrition
  2. low protein diet
  3. less than 21d lactation
76
Q

Poor performance, failure to return to heat, lameness, and death all contribute culling sows. What is the goal (%)?

A

< 40%

77
Q

What is the typical pregnancy rate for sows compared to that of gilts?

A

sows = 80-90%
gilts = 70-80%

78
Q

What is the purpose of farrowing crates and how do they also help with temperature regulation?

A

they are designed to keep the sow from crushing her piglets
they also have different flooring for the side – the side for the piglets has a plastic floor that allows for insulation and minimizes heat loss, whereas the sows side has wire flooring to help keep her cool and wear her toes.
there are also heat lamps for the piglets and drip systems for the sows.

79
Q

T/F: prefarrowing, sows get a bath prior to entering farrowing crates and then are allowed to become acclimated to the crate.

A

true

80
Q

How do you restrain piglets?

A

held by rear legs or held close to body in sternal recumbency

81
Q

Besides physical restraint, what are 2 other methods for pig restraint?

A

mechanical – snares, v-trough, slings
chemical – sedation vs general anesthesia

82
Q

what is the safety concern when using a snare in pigs?

A

you must ensure you get it far back in the mouth to avoid cutting off their source of air (they are obl. nasal breathers)

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