Food Animal Zoonoses

Question 1

What are the routes of transmission for mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 1

ingestion
inoculation
inhalation

Question 2

How do you diagnose tuberculosis?

Answer 2

intradermal tuberculin test

Question 3

what is the treatment for tuberculosis?

Answer 3

isoniazid, rifampin

Question 4

what are control measures for tuberculosis?

Answer 4

pasteurize milk
TB test and remove + animals
wear gloves

Question 5

___________ is prevalent in 3rd world countries and can be acquired by direct contact (with fetal fluids), ingestion of animal products, inhalation during slaughtering, and accidental injection. In humans, this disease results in septicemia and undulant fever.

Answer 5

brucellosis

agent = brucella abortus, suis, canis, or melitensis

Question 6

How do you diagnose brucellosis?

Answer 6

blood culture and serology

Question 7

what are the treatment options for brucellosis?

Answer 7

tetracycline, trimethoprim sulfa, doxycycline, and rifampin

no treatment for food animals

Question 8

what is the control for brucellosis?

Answer 8

pasteurize milk
wear protective clothing during parturition
gloves when administering vaccines
test and remove + animals

Question 9

This disease is acquired by direct contact with infected animals or ingestion of food that is contaminated with feces or urine of infected animals. While fowl and rodents are reservoirs, cats and dogs can get disease from eating rodents and swine from infected feed.
Humans get acute mesenteric lymphadenopathy + abdominal pain with inflamed appendix. Cats get gastroenteritis. And, guinea pigs get nodular abscesses within their abdomen and organs with rapid weight loss + diarrhea.

Answer 9

Pseudotuberculosis

agent: yersenia paratuberculosis

Question 10

This organism is acquired through ingestion. Pigs are the primary reservoir. Immunocompromised people are most susceptible. They will experience appendicitis like symptoms and diarrhea. This disease can be prevented by having proper hygiene after handling pets and pork products

Answer 10

yersinia enterocolitica

Question 11

This disease can be acquired from baby chicks, ducks, and backyard chickens via fecal-oral route or inhalation of infected vaccuum dust. It causes GI signs that are usually self–limiting .

Answer 11

salmonella

agent = salmonella typhimurium

Question 12

This disease is acquired by pets and is also food-borne. In humans and pets, it causes gastroenteritis. It is treated with erythromycin.

Answer 12

campylobacter jejuni

Question 13

what are appropriate control measures for campylobacter jejuni?

Answer 13

proper food prep
avoid fecal-oral transmission
hygiene

Question 14

This campylobacter can cause abortion in humans.

Answer 14

campylobacter fetus fetus

Question 15

This organism lives in warm temps with high humidity inside of the soil. It is acquired by contact with infected urine or contaminated materials. The organism penetrates through MM, abrasions, and skin softened by water. Rodents are “high shedders” and carriers are deer, possums, raccoons, skunks, foxes, rabbits, swine, and cattle.

Answer 15

leptospira interrogans

Question 16

What symptoms are associated with leptospirosis infection?

Answer 16

in humans there are 2 forms – anicteric form which is classified by flu-like symptoms; and the icteris form which is classified by having aseptic meningitis with jaundice, petechiae, renal insufficiency, and hepatomegaly.

Question 17

how do you diagnose lepto?

Answer 17

microscopic agglutination test
blood culture
urine culture

Question 18

How can we control lepto infections?

Answer 18

proper clothing
hygiene
control rodents (keep out of food prep areas)
vaccinate animals
avoid potentially contaminated waters

Question 19

What agent causes the following disease?

acquired through inhalation airborne agent or aerosolized fecal material. The reservoir is psittacine birds. In humans, it causes respiratory illness, but in birds it causes GI signs. You treat it with tetracyclines. And the best control measure is avoiding aerosolizing bird droppings by spraying them down first, quarantining and treating + birds (give chlortetracycline in feed for 45d).

Answer 19

psittacosis

agent: chlamydophilia psittaci

Question 20

What agent causes chamydiosis in sheep and causes abortion in humans that acquire it by fetal and uterine fluids of infected ewes?

Answer 20

chlamydophilia abortus

Question 21

What agent has long been thought to NOT be a human pathogen but has recently been isolated from human eye infections?

Answer 21

chlamydophilia felis

Question 22

Which agent causes pink eye in small ruminants and is responsible for high morbidity within koala populations, but is NOT zoonotic.

Answer 22

chlamydophilia pecorum

Question 23

What agent causes Q Fever and how is it acquired?

Answer 23

agent = coxiella burnetti
it is acquired from infected animals via uterine discharge, urine, feces, milk, wool, zoo animals, air conditioner ducts in common with animal quarters.

Question 24

What are the symptoms of Q fever?

Answer 24

in humans = flu-like symptoms
animals = apparent carriers, maybe abortion in goats and sheep

Question 25

This disease is caused by an agent that lives in alkaline soil. it is acquired through ingestion or inhalation of infected animals and animal products. Humans get a vesicle at the inoculation site. Also, vomiting and bloody stools. In animals, there is acute disease and death.

Answer 25

anthrax

agent = bacillus anthracis

Question 26

This agent is acquired from swine, poultry, and seafood products. It causes erythematous edematous lesions with violet color around the wound. In pigs, there are characteristic diamond skin lesions, arthritis, and endocarditis; in sheep causes arthritis, and in poultry causes blue comb.

Answer 26

erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Question 27

This agent causes peracute meningitis and septicemia in suckling pigs, and arthritis and septicemia in weaned pigs. In humans, it causes meningitis, headache, fever, and vertigo. It is acquired when butchering and necropsying pigs. The best control is to wear gloves and approp. attire during this process.

Answer 27

Streptococcus suis type 2

Question 28

This agent is the most common cause of human neonatal septicemia and it is NOT acquired from cattle.

Answer 28

Streptococcus agalactiae

Question 29

This agent is a common cause of strep throat in humans, but it is very unlikely that is was acquired by a pet.

Answer 29

streptococcus pyogenes

Question 30

This parapoxvirus can be acquired by humans when in contact with infected animals (reservoir = SR and camelids). The virus enters through broken skin or abrasions. In humans it causes painful pustules and dark scab lesions for 2-3 weeks. In animals, it causes proliferative lesions on lips, ears, eyelids, teats, etc.

Answer 30

Ovine Contagious Ecthyma (Orf)

Question 31

what is the best way to prevent orf?

Answer 31

wear gloves and vaccinate animals

Question 32

This disease is caused by a parapoxvirus that leads to painful pustules and scabs (usually on fingers) in humans and scabs on teat and udder of animals. The transmission occurs when the virus from dairy cows enters through broken skin or abrasions. Thus, it can be prevented by wearing gloves.

Answer 32

pseudocow pox, milkers nodules

Question 33

This disease is caused by a paramyxovirus that leads to conjunctivitis in humans and neurological and respiratory disease in animals. It is spread from birds and enters through conjunctiva. It is prevented by good hygiene and vaccination.

Answer 33

new castle disease

Question 34

This disease is acquired from contact with infected animals or objects contaminated with secretions from infected birds. The virus spreads through saliva, nasal secretions, and feces. The reservoir is birds. Humans experience fever, sore throat, pneumonia. Animals get viral septicemia.

Answer 34

Avian influenza

Question 35

What are the best control measures for avian influenza?

Answer 35

restrict movement of poultry
slaughter surveillance

Question 36

_________ (swine flu) is unique in that it causes disease in adults between 20-40 yo, young children, and pregnant women. Transmission of this virus occurs between people. Humans experience fever, sore throat, pneumonia. The best control measure is proper hygiene.

Answer 36

H1N1 influenza

Question 37

This disease is caused by a prion. It is a fatal brain disease of cattle. Cattle become infected by consuming ruminant-derived protein feeds. The virus is slow to develop clinical signs (3.5-5 years).

Answer 37

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)

Question 38

what are the symptoms of BSE?

Answer 38

in cattle – coordination problems and being nervous, muscle trembling, weight loss

Question 39

How can we prevent BSE?

Answer 39

Surveillance system to examine cattle brains
Ban feeding all mammalian derived animal proteins
Remove specified risk materials from all animal feed (brain, skill, eyes, spinal cord of cattle older than 30m)

Question 40

This henipavirus causes fever, headache, myalgia, and encephalitis in humans, and respiratory and neurological signs in pigs. The transmission is from saliva and urine of fruit bats. We can control this disease by elimination infected swine, avoid eating contaminated fruits or wash them.

Answer 40

nipah virus

Question 41

__________ causes profuse diarrhea in humans for 8-20d. Im calves during 1st 3 weeks of life, it causes diarrhea and tenesmus. It can also affect foals, pigs, SRs, and carnivores. Oocysts are shed in feces and are infective. The infective dose for this organism is very low. It is transmitted by ingestion of infected food or water, or fecal-oral.

Answer 41

cryptosporidium

Question 42

What are the control measures for cryptosporidium?

Answer 42

PPE – masks, gloves, coveralls, wash hands, dont eat around animals