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Nutriton > Minerals Vitamins and Supplements, and Sampling Analysis, Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Minerals Vitamins and Supplements, and Sampling Analysis, Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

3 main uses of feed additives

A

stimulate growth of animals
improve feed efficiency
improve general health

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2
Q

what are antibiotics used for?

A

reduce incidence of subclinical bacterial infections

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3
Q

at what level are antibiotics added to feed?

A

sub-theraputic

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4
Q

what is therapeutic use of antibiotics

A

administration at much higher levels to combat established infection

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5
Q

why is the use of antibiotics controversial?

A

it can create antibiotic resistance

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6
Q

what do antibiotics improve?

A

growth rate
feed efficiency

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7
Q

antibiotics are used to help control:

A

respiratory infections
foot rot
liver abscess
diarrhea

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8
Q

what is bioavailability?

A

portion of the total mineral in feed that is absorbed

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9
Q

what are “safety factors”

A

when the bioavailability of minerals is unknown, the concentration fed is adjusted upward

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10
Q

minerals have poor _______ & ________

A

palatability and different bioavailability values

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11
Q

what are the two most used liquid feeds?

A

molasses and oils

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12
Q

what are ionophores obtained from?

A

Streptomyces bacteria

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13
Q

what are ionophores used for?

A

prevent coccidiosis
improve feed efficiency in growing or lactating ruminants

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14
Q

what animal are ionophores toxic to?

A

Horses

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15
Q

Ionophores mechanism of action (how do they work?)

A
  1. Gram + bacteria cells pump out K+ which is a source of base
  2. causes cytoplasm to become acidic
  3. bacteria use all available ATP to pump out the acid
  4. cells die
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15
Q

Ionophores mechanism of action (how do they work?)

A
  1. Gram + bacteria cells pump out K+ which is a source of base
  2. causes cytoplasm to become acidic
  3. bacteria use all available ATP to pump out the acid
  4. cells die
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16
Q

benefits of feeding liquid supplements

A

^increase ration density/palatability
^more uniform nutrient distribution
LESS animal sorting & feed wastage

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17
Q

examples of feed additives

A

buffers
antioxidants
hormones
antibiotics & chemotherapeutic agents

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18
Q

What happens to horses who may recover from low levels of ionophore poisoning?

A

can develop chronic heart failure resulting in exercise intolerance, poor performance, and death

19
Q

why are ionophores good for rumen metabolism?

A

increase propionate production
increase feed efficiency (more propionate = more glucose = more energy produced for animal)
decease methane production (propionate is a H sink)
amino acid sparing effect (less ammonia)

20
Q

Gram Negative bacteria produce more ______ & Gram Positive bacteria produce more _____

A
  1. PROPIONATE
  2. ACETATE
21
Q

Gram Negative bacteria produce more ______ & Gram Positive bacteria produce more _____

A
  1. PROPIONATE
  2. ACETATE
22
Q

for dairy cows, an increase in propionate means an increase in _______

A

milk production

23
Q

what does phytase do?

A

breaks down phytic acid in feedstuffs, releases trapped phosphorus

24
Q

What is “force feeding” minerals?

A

using salt to improve palatability

25
Q

T/F: Feed additives meet the known nutrient requirements of animals

A

False, they do not meet any known nutrient requirements

26
Q

Why is it important to know the nutrient content of feedstuffs?

A

it is key for balancing rations

27
Q

Grains have _____ nutrient composition

A

Grains have LESS VARIABLE nutrient composition

28
Q

Forages have _____ nutrient composition

A

Forages have MORE VARIABLE nutrient composition

29
Q

What do growing, working, and lactating animals need?

A

concentrate

30
Q

What does the proximate analysis system measure (6)

A

Nitrogen-free extract
Ash
crude fiber
crude protein
crude fat/ether extract
moisture/dry matter

31
Q

Why would adding phytase decrease the amount of P in feces?

A

phytase breaks down phytate which makes P more available for the animal to use and less that gets excreted as waste.

32
Q

T/F: Crude fiber is a poor analytical method for measuring fiber concentration in feedstuffs. Explain

A

T. crude fiber errors occur because this process makes lignin and structural carbs soluble in the solution and underestimates the true fiber content

33
Q

T/F: Crude fat/ether extract usually overestimates the concentration of fat present in feed stuffs. Explain.

A

T. It overestimates the amount of fat in the feed because it counts anything that is soluble by ether to be a fat

34
Q

T/F: NFE is a better approach than NFC to estimate amount of non-structural carbs. Explain.

A

F. NFC uses NDF which is a more reliable method of fiber estimation

35
Q

What would you recommend to reduce the N bound interference when analyzing feedstuffs for NDF?

A

add sodium sulfite to remove N-bound fiber

36
Q

steps of energy partition (dietary energy)

A

Gross Energy
- Fecal energy
Digestible energy
- Urinary & Gaseous energy
Metabolizable Energy
- heat
Net Energy
- Maintenance energy
- Productive energy

37
Q

What is the mechanism of 3NOP?

A

3NOP is a feed additive that inhibits the enzyme responsible for methane production by microbes

38
Q

The energy system used to determine the energy requirements for horses

A

digestible energy

39
Q

The energy system used to determine the energy requirements for swine

A

metabolizable energy

40
Q

What is the monosaccharide resulting from the hydrolysis of alpha 1,4 glycosidic linkage

A

glucose

41
Q

Metabolic steps in the utilization of glucose in animal tissues

A

Glycolysis → pyruvate → Krebs cycle → generate additional ATP & e- transporters

42
Q

Name of the hormone responsible for glucose uptake by cells

A

insulin

43
Q

Name the hormone responsible for mobilizing glucose from tissues

A

glucagon

44
Q

Why are the NFC concentrations of fiber overestimated?

A

Because the estimation uses NDF and doesn’t account for pectin losses

45
Q

The energy system used for determining energy requirements for chickens is

A

metabolizable energy

46
Q

What effect on enteric methane emissions do ionophores have?

A

gram negative bacteria produce more acetate so the increase in propionate means there is low levels of acetate so the microbes that can produce methane are decreased because they don’t have hydrogen

Nutriton (9 decks)

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