Minerals Vitamins and Supplements, and Sampling Analysis, Carbohydrates

Question 1

3 main uses of feed additives

Answer 1

stimulate growth of animals
improve feed efficiency
improve general health

Question 2

what are antibiotics used for?

Answer 2

reduce incidence of subclinical bacterial infections

Question 3

at what level are antibiotics added to feed?

Answer 3

sub-theraputic

Question 4

what is therapeutic use of antibiotics

Answer 4

administration at much higher levels to combat established infection

Question 5

why is the use of antibiotics controversial?

Answer 5

it can create antibiotic resistance

Question 6

what do antibiotics improve?

Answer 6

growth rate
feed efficiency

Question 7

antibiotics are used to help control:

Answer 7

respiratory infections
foot rot
liver abscess
diarrhea

Question 8

what is bioavailability?

Answer 8

portion of the total mineral in feed that is absorbed

Question 9

what are “safety factors”

Answer 9

when the bioavailability of minerals is unknown, the concentration fed is adjusted upward

Question 10

minerals have poor _______ & ________

Answer 10

palatability and different bioavailability values

Question 11

what are the two most used liquid feeds?

Answer 11

molasses and oils

Question 12

what are ionophores obtained from?

Answer 12

Streptomyces bacteria

Question 13

what are ionophores used for?

Answer 13

prevent coccidiosis
improve feed efficiency in growing or lactating ruminants

Question 14

what animal are ionophores toxic to?

Answer 14

Horses

Question 15

Ionophores mechanism of action (how do they work?)

Answer 15

1. Gram + bacteria cells pump out K+ which is a source of base
2. causes cytoplasm to become acidic
3. bacteria use all available ATP to pump out the acid
4. cells die

Question 15

Ionophores mechanism of action (how do they work?)

Answer 15

1. Gram + bacteria cells pump out K+ which is a source of base
2. causes cytoplasm to become acidic
3. bacteria use all available ATP to pump out the acid
4. cells die

Question 16

benefits of feeding liquid supplements

Answer 16

^increase ration density/palatability
^more uniform nutrient distribution
LESS animal sorting & feed wastage

Question 17

examples of feed additives

Answer 17

buffers
antioxidants
hormones
antibiotics & chemotherapeutic agents

Question 18

What happens to horses who may recover from low levels of ionophore poisoning?

Answer 18

can develop chronic heart failure resulting in exercise intolerance, poor performance, and death

Question 19

why are ionophores good for rumen metabolism?

Answer 19

increase propionate production
increase feed efficiency (more propionate = more glucose = more energy produced for animal)
decease methane production (propionate is a H sink)
amino acid sparing effect (less ammonia)

Question 20

Gram Negative bacteria produce more ______ & Gram Positive bacteria produce more _____

Answer 20

1. PROPIONATE
2. ACETATE

Question 21

Gram Negative bacteria produce more ______ & Gram Positive bacteria produce more _____

Answer 21

1. PROPIONATE
2. ACETATE

Question 22

for dairy cows, an increase in propionate means an increase in _______

Answer 22

milk production

Question 23

what does phytase do?

Answer 23

breaks down phytic acid in feedstuffs, releases trapped phosphorus

Question 24

What is "force feeding" minerals?

Answer 24

using salt to improve palatability

Question 25

T/F: Feed additives meet the known nutrient requirements of animals

Answer 25

False, they do not meet any known nutrient requirements

Question 26

Why is it important to know the nutrient content of feedstuffs?

Answer 26

it is key for balancing rations

Question 27

Grains have _____ nutrient composition

Answer 27

Grains have LESS VARIABLE nutrient composition

Question 28

Forages have _____ nutrient composition

Answer 28

Forages have MORE VARIABLE nutrient composition

Question 29

What do growing, working, and lactating animals need?

Answer 29

concentrate

Question 30

What does the proximate analysis system measure (6)

Answer 30

Nitrogen-free extract Ash crude fiber crude protein crude fat/ether extract moisture/dry matter

Question 31

Why would adding phytase decrease the amount of P in feces?

Answer 31

phytase breaks down phytate which makes P more available for the animal to use and less that gets excreted as waste.

Question 32

T/F: Crude fiber is a poor analytical method for measuring fiber concentration in feedstuffs. Explain

Answer 32

T. crude fiber errors occur because this process makes lignin and structural carbs soluble in the solution and underestimates the true fiber content

Question 33

T/F: Crude fat/ether extract usually overestimates the concentration of fat present in feed stuffs. Explain.

Answer 33

T. It overestimates the amount of fat in the feed because it counts anything that is soluble by ether to be a fat

Question 34

T/F: NFE is a better approach than NFC to estimate amount of non-structural carbs. Explain.

Answer 34

F. NFC uses NDF which is a more reliable method of fiber estimation

Question 35

What would you recommend to reduce the N bound interference when analyzing feedstuffs for NDF?

Answer 35

add sodium sulfite to remove N-bound fiber

Question 36

steps of energy partition (dietary energy)

Answer 36

Gross Energy - Fecal energy Digestible energy - Urinary & Gaseous energy Metabolizable Energy - heat Net Energy - Maintenance energy - Productive energy

Question 37

What is the mechanism of 3NOP?

Answer 37

3NOP is a feed additive that inhibits the enzyme responsible for methane production by microbes

Question 38

The energy system used to determine the energy requirements for horses

Answer 38

digestible energy

Question 39

The energy system used to determine the energy requirements for swine

Answer 39

metabolizable energy

Question 40

What is the monosaccharide resulting from the hydrolysis of alpha 1,4 glycosidic linkage

Answer 40

glucose

Question 41

Metabolic steps in the utilization of glucose in animal tissues

Answer 41

Glycolysis → pyruvate → Krebs cycle → generate additional ATP & e- transporters

Question 42

Name of the hormone responsible for glucose uptake by cells

Answer 42

insulin

Question 43

Name the hormone responsible for mobilizing glucose from tissues

Answer 43

glucagon

Question 44

Why are the NFC concentrations of fiber overestimated?

Answer 44

Because the estimation uses NDF and doesn't account for pectin losses

Question 45

The energy system used for determining energy requirements for chickens is

Answer 45

metabolizable energy

Question 46

What effect on enteric methane emissions do ionophores have?

Answer 46

gram negative bacteria produce more acetate so the increase in propionate means there is low levels of acetate so the microbes that can produce methane are decreased because they don't have hydrogen