manipulating genomes Flashcards
genetic engineering
Sanger sequencing involves small fragments of DNA with known end nucleotides being passed along an electrophoresis gel and separated according to length. Because the end nucleotide is known it allows for the sequence of DNA to be determined, as shown in the image.
tors - used to deliver DNA fragments into a cell
Plasmids - transfer DNA into bacteria or yeast
Viruses - transfer DNA into human cells or bacteria
Liposomes - fuse with cell membranes to transfer DNA into cells
the rate at which bacteria take up plasmids can be increased by….
Electroporation / culture heating / heat shock / electric shock / calcium salts / calcium ions
2 examples of high throughput sequencing
The use of a method called capillary electrophoresis enables the chain termination method to be carried out in a high-throughput way (see below)
The newest high-throughput methods do not involve electrophoresis and are known as next-generation sequencing methods e.g. nanopore sequencing and pyrosequencing
bioinformatics
Facilitates access to large amounts of data; [1 mark]
Facilitates access to data on DNA and proteins; [1 mark]
The idea that the format (of information) is universal; [1 mark]
Can identify the source of outbreak; [1 mark]
Can identify vulnerable populations;
what does reverse transcriptase produce
single stranded complementary DNA
ddNTP different from deoxyribose
no OH at C3
anode and cathode
named after what they attract
post translational controll
-modification at Golgi apparatus
-some protein s need activation by cAMP
-One important role carried out by cAMP is the activation of protein kinases
Once it is activated, it can activate other proteins (e.g. other enzymes)
What is the name for the sequence of 180 nucleotides, within the larger gene, that is the same for all homeobox genes?
homeobox region
