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Yr 2 EOYS > HD EOYS4 > Flashcards

HD EOYS4 Flashcards

1
Q

label A-C

A

A: corpus spongiosum
B: corpora cavernosa
C: Tunica albuginea

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2
Q

Cho’s ectopic pregnancy is implanted in the Fallopian tube. If this site ruptures, what arteries will be the source of the haemorrhage? [2]

Uterine artery

Superior vesicular artery

Ovarian artery

Vaginal artery

Internal pudendal artery

A

Cho’s ectopic pregnancy is implanted in the Fallopian tube. If this site ruptures, what arteries will be the source of the haemorrhage?

Uterine artery

Superior vesicular artery

Ovarian artery

Vaginal artery

Internal pudendal artery

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3
Q

which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?

testosterone
MIF
DHT
cHG
​LH
A

which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?

testosterone
MIF
**DHT**
cHG
​LH
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4
Q

name this structure [1]

A

external urethral sphincter

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5
Q

which of the following is the green?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:

A

which of the following is the green?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:

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6
Q

which hormone peaks at ovulation?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
A

which hormone peaks at ovulation?

**LH**
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
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7
Q

which hormone causes endometrial thickening?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
A

which hormone causes corpus luteum formation?

**LH**
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
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8
Q

which hormone causes oestrogen levels to rise?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
A

which hormone causes oestrogen levels to rise?

LH
**FSH**
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
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9
Q

which of following is C?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
A

which of following is C?

**LH**
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone
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10
Q

the emergency pill causes a big bleed because of an increased level of:

LH
FSH
oestrogen
progesterone
​ADH
A

the emergency pill causes a big bleed because of an increased level of:

LH
FSH
oestrogen
**progesterone**
​ADH
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11
Q

which hormone initiates milk production?

prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone
A

which hormone initiates milk production?

**prolactin**
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone
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12
Q

which hormones inhibit secretrory acitivity of mammary tissue? [2]

prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone
A

which hormones inhibit secretrory acitivity of mammary tissue?

prolactin
FSH
**oestrogen**
oxytocin
**progesterone**

lactogensis occurs by fall in ^^ levels

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13
Q

what happens during the menstrual cycle when FSH and LH fall? [1]

A

FSH and LH fall, the corpus luteum degenerates

Degeneration of the corpus luteum results in loss of progesterone production.

The subsequent falling level of progesterone triggers menstruation and the entire cycle begins again

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14
Q

which of the following is the cytotrophoblast?

A
B
C

A

which of the following is the cytotrophoblast?

A
B
​C

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15
Q

which of the following is the will develop into a blastocyst?

A
B
​C

A

which of the following is the will develop into a blastocyst?

A
B
​C

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16
Q

which of the following is the syncytiotrophoblasts ?

A
B
C

A

which of the following is the syncytiotrophoblasts ?

A
B
C

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17
Q

combination of which two molecules induces spermatogenesis? [2]

A

testosterone and androgen binding protein

    • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates FSH & LH from AP
  • LH stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells*
  • •Main target of testosterone and pituitary FSH are Sertoli cells*
  • •Sertoli cells then secrete androgen binding protein (ABP) and tubular fluid*
  • •ABP binds to testosterone & carries it to area of seminiferous tubule where it stimulates spermatogenesis*
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18
Q

which cells form the blood-testis barrier?

A

sertoli cells

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19
Q

which cell types causes the increase in size of spiral arteries during placental development? [1]

explain how this occurs [2]

A

cytotrophoblasts (after invading through syncytiotrophoblasts)

replaces the endothelium and smooth muscle of the arteries with themselves (i.e. trophoblasts).

20
Q

as soon as implantation has occured, WHICH cells secreted WHICH hormone? [2]

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts secrete hCG as soon as implantation has occurred1

21
Q

If fertilisation and implantation occurs:

  • what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2]
  • what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2]
A

If fertilisation and implantation occurs:

  • what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2]
  • *corpus luteum does not degenerate; due to hCG**
  • what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2]
  • *maintained bc of maintence of corpus luteum -> turns into deicuda**
22
Q

label A-C

A

A: oestrogen
B: progesterone
C: hCG

23
Q

what are the different types of mesenchymal cells in male and female? [2]

A 
male = **leydig cells**
female = **stromal cells**
24
Q

which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?

testosterone
MIF
DHT
cHG
LH
A

which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?

testosterone
MIF
**DHT**
cHG
LH
25
Q

which site of action does the combined hormonal contraception work at?

ovary
endometrium
cervix
fundus
fallopian tube
A

which site of action does the combined hormonal contraception work at?

**ovary**
endometrium
cervix
fundus
fallopian tube
26
Q

what is the cell indicated?

  1. mesothelial cell
  2. syncytiotrophoblast
  3. mesenchymal cell
  4. cytotrophoblast
  5. endothelial cell
  6. decidual cell
A

what is the cell indicated?

  1. mesothelial cell
    2. syncytiotrophoblast
  2. mesenchymal cell
  3. cytotrophoblast
  4. endothelial cell
    ​6. decidual cell
27
Q

which cells are indicated by the }

  1. pellucidal cells
  2. theca externa cells
  3. fibroblasts
  4. theca interna cells
  5. granulosa cells
  6. granulosa lutein cells 7. theca l
A

which cells are indicated by the }

  1. pellucidal cells
  2. theca externa cells
  3. fibroblasts
    4. theca interna cells
  4. granulosa cells
    ​6. granulosa lutein cells
  5. theca lutein cells

In the ovary, the first layer of stromal cells that organise around the growing follicle is called the Feedback: theca interna. These theca interna cells help to synthesise estrogens.

28
Q

In this sagittal section of the female pelvis, which of the labelled structures is mainly supplied by the gonadal artery?

C

D

E

F

H

A

In this sagittal section of the female pelvis, which of the labelled structures is mainly supplied by the gonadal artery?

C

D

E

F

H

**In this sagittal section of the female pelvis, the structure labelled F is an ovary and is mainly supplied by the gonadal artery.

The ovarian artery is the main arterial supply to the gonads in females.**

29
Q

In this prosection of a female in the lithotomy position, identify A

A. perineal body
B. bulbospongiosus
C. greater vestibular (Bartholin's) gland
D. Cowper's gland 
E. crus of clitoris
A 
A. perineal body
B. bulbospongiosus
**C. greater vestibular (Bartholin's) gland**
D. Cowper's gland 
E. crus of clitoris
30
Q

Ovary: What type of follicle is labelled A?

1. Secondary
(antral)
2. Primordial
3. Growing 
4. Atretic
5. Primary
6. Graafian
A

Ovary: What type of follicle is labelled A?

1. Secondary
(antral)
2. Primordial
**3. Growing** 
4. Atretic
5. Primary
6. Graafian

Having several layers of granulosa cells, this is a growing follicle. There
is no antrum.

31
Q

In this diagram of a growing placenta (~21 days), the large black arrow indicates the

  1. Extraembryonic mesoderm
  2. Stratum basalis of the endometrium
  3. Decidua basalis
  4. Syncytiotrophoblast
  5. Trophoblastic lacuna
  6. Cytotrophoblast shell
A

In this diagram of a growing placenta (~21 days), the large black arrow indicates the

  1. Extraembryonic mesoderm
  2. Stratum basalis of the endometrium
  3. Decidua basalis
  4. Syncytiotrophoblast
  5. Trophoblastic lacuna
    * *6. Cytotrophoblast shell**
32
Q

What type of cell is indicated in this growing placental villus?

  1. Simple cuboidal epithelial cell
  2. Syncytiotrophoblast
  3. Erythrocyte
  4. Mesenchymal cell
  5. Cytotrophoblast
  6. Decidual cell
A

What type of cell is indicated in this growing placental villus?

  1. Simple cuboidal epithelial cell
  2. Syncytiotrophoblast
  3. Erythrocyte
  4. Mesenchymal cell
    * *5. Cytotrophoblast**
  5. Decidual cell

Cytotrophoblast cells extend out of the villus to form branches in the
lacunae and also when invading into the endometrium. The
cytotrophoblast cells are stained brown in this preparation. If in contact
with maternal blood, the surface becomes covered by
syncytiotrophoblast.

33
Q

Testis: What cell is indicated by the arrows?

  1. Spermatocyte
  2. Spermatid
    (late)
  3. Spermatid
    (early)
  4. Spermatogonia
A

Testis: What cell is indicated by the arrows?

1. Spermatocyte
2. Spermatid
(late)
3. Spermatid
(early)
4. Spermatogonia

Primary spermatocytes are cells with large nuclei fairly close to the
bottom of the seminiferous tubule but above the spermatogonia (which
have more condensed nuclei).

34
Q

What is A?

  1. left testicular vein
  2. ureter
  3. left testicular artery
  4. inferior mesenteric artery
  5. inferior mesenteric vein
A 
What is A?
​
 **1. left testicular vein**
 2. ureter
 3. left testicular artery
 4. inferior mesenteric artery
 5. inferior mesenteric vein
35
Q

what is A?

  1. ureter
  2. ovarian artery
  3. ovarian vein
  4. inferior mesenteric artery
  5. renal artery
A

what is A?

  • *1. ureter**
    2. ovarian artery
    3. ovarian vein
    4. inferior mesenteric artery
    5. renal artery
36
Q

What is A?

  1. sphincter urethrae
  2. prostate gland
  3. internal urethral sphincter
  4. bulbosponiosus
  5. detruser muscle
A 
What is A?
​
 **1. sphincter urethrae**
 2. prostate gland
 3. internal urethral sphincter
 4. bulbosponiosus
 5. detruser muscle
37
Q

Which of the following structures is affected by B9 deficiency?

A
B
C
D
E
A

Which of the following structures is affected by B9 deficiency?

**A**
B
C
D
​E
38
Q

Erbs palsy effects which trunk of the brachial plexus? [1]

A

upper trunk C5-C6 of the brachial plexus.

39
Q

Which movements cannot occur in a person with Erbs palsy? [2]

Which movements are able to occur in a person with Erbs palsy? [1]

Which reflex is lost [1] and which is still present? [1]

A

Arm cannot be raised from the side
All power of flexion of the elbow is lost due to the paralysis of the biceps muscle.
Moro reflex is absent on the affected side.

Grasp reflex is present (which differentiates it from another brachial nerve palsy, Klumpke palsy (C7, C8, and T1))

40
Q

How is Erbs palsy differnt to Klumpkes palsy? [1]

A

Klumpke injury: C8-T1
there is paralysis of the forearm and hand muscle due to injury in C7, C8, and T1. The neonate presents with a “claw hand” due to injury to the flexor muscles of the wrist, fingers, and forearm pronator.

Erb Palsy: C5, C6 - superior trunk - damage to:
Axillary nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Suprascapular nerve

41
Q

How is Erbs palsy differnt to Klumpkes palsy? [1]

A

In the case of Klumpke injury, there is paralysis of the forearm and hand muscle due to injury in C7, C8, and T1

The neonate presents with a “claw hand” due to injury to the flexor muscles of the wrist, fingers, and forearm pronator.

42
Q

A 6-month-old boy presents with an inability to move his right arm. His history is significant for gestational diabetes with poor glycemic control. The delivery was complicated by shoulder dystocia resulting in a birth injury. His right arm hangs limply by his side. Damage to which structure(s) will result in the “waiter’s tip” position?

A. The entire brachial plexus
B. Ulnar nerve
C. C5 and C6
D. Median nerve

A

A 6-month-old boy presents with an inability to move his right arm. His history is significant for gestational diabetes with poor glycemic control. The delivery was complicated by shoulder dystocia resulting in a birth injury. His right arm hangs limply by his side. Damage to which structure(s) will result in the “waiter’s tip” position?

A. The entire brachial plexus
B. Ulnar nerve
C. C5 and C6
D. Median nerve

43
Q

After a difficult delivery a neonate is noted to have asymmetric Moro reflex. One of the arms is held in adduction, shows internal rotation at the shoulder, is pronated and extended at the elbow, and wrist flexion. Which nerve roots are most likely affected?
A. C4-C5
B. C5-C6
C. C6-C7
D. C7-C8

A

After a difficult delivery a neonate is noted to have asymmetric Moro reflex. One of the arms is held in adduction, shows internal rotation at the shoulder, is pronated and extended at the elbow, and wrist flexion. Which nerve roots are most likely affected?
A. C4-C5
B. C5-C6
C. C6-C7
D. C7-C8

44
Q

What is drug A? [1]

A

Tranexamic acid

45
Q

Which drug is used to treat premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

Allopregnanolone
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Oestradiol
Prostergerone
Testosterone

A

Which drug is used to treat premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

Allopregnanolone
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Oestradiol
Prostergerone
Testosterone

Yr 2 EOYS (58 decks)

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