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anatomy & physiology 019 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the alimentary canal

A

where the food passes during digestive activity

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2
Q

what organs are in the alimentary canal (6)

A

mouth
esophagus
pharynx
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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3
Q

What are accessory organs? (definition)

A

provide chewing enzymes and buffers that assist in mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

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4
Q

Name the accessory organs (5)

A

liver
gallbladder
pancreas
salivary glands
tongue

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5
Q

what is the peritoneum

A

slippery continuous serous membrane sac

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6
Q

what are the 3 layers of the peritoneum

A

parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum
peritoneal cavity

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7
Q

what is the parietal peritoneum

A

lines the inner surface of the body wall

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8
Q

what is the visceral peritoneum

A

lines the surface of digestive organs

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9
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity

A

fluid filled potential space between the peritoneal layers (sterile space)

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10
Q

what is the function of the peritoneum

A

intraperitoneal organs are surrounded or suspended by peritoneum
retroperitoneal organs lie posterior to peritoneum

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11
Q

What are mesenteries? (definition)

A

fold of peritoneum that suspend organ in abdomen

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12
Q

what is the function of mesenteries

A

provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the abdominal viscera
hold the organs in place
store fat
create channels and spaces in which infections can travel

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13
Q

where is the greater and lesser omentum attached

A

stomach

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14
Q

where is the mesentery attached?

A

small intestine

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15
Q

where is the mesocolon attached

A

parts of large intestine

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16
Q

what are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
adventitia/serosa

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17
Q

what are the 3 layers of the alimentary canal mucosa

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa

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18
Q

what is the function of the alimentary canal mucosa

A

Secret mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones
Absorb the end products of digestion into the blood
Protect against infectious disease (it is the protective barrier)

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19
Q

what are the 2 layers of the muscularis externa of the alimentary canal?

A

inner circular smooth muscle
outer longitudinal smooth muscle

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20
Q

what is the function of the muscularis externa of the alimentary canal

A

segmentation and peristalsis
churning action of the stomach

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21
Q

Serosa (visceral peritoneum) of alimentary canal type of tissue

A

areolar connective tissue with mesothelium

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22
Q

adventitia (if no peritoneum) of alimentary canal type of tissue

A

dense connective tissue

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23
Q

what are the 6 essential digestive functions and processes

A

Ingestion
propulsion
mechanical breakdown
digestion
absorption
defecation

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24
Q

what is ingestion

A

taking in food and water via mouth

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25
Q

what is propulsion

A

movement of food/water by swallowing or peristalsis

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26
Q

what is mechanical breakdown

A

increases surface area of food, preparing for chemical digestion by enzymes

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27
Q

what is digestion

A

enzymes secreted into lumen break food into chemical building blocks

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28
Q

what is absorption

A

movement of nutrients from lumen to blood or lymph

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29
Q

what is defecation

A

elimination of solid waste - ingestible substances and metabolic wastes

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30
Q

what is the relationship between the enteric nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

A

ANS ENS and GI hormones control GI organs and coordinate motility and secretions of the digestive system

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31
Q

What is the gross anatomy of the oral cavity (5)

A

teeth
tongue
hard palate
soft palate
Uvula

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32
Q

What is the function of the tongue (5)

A

aids in chewing
initiates swallowing
aids in speech
Mixes food with saliva to produce bolus
Taste

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33
Q

What are the functions of saliva

A

cleanse the mouth - prevents tooth decay
dissolve food chemicals - taste
moistens food to help compact bolus
begins digestion of starch by enzyme amylase

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34
Q

what is the anatomy of the pharynx?

A

Mucosa
Muscularis externa

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35
Q

what is the esophagus role in swallowing?

A

propels food from laryngopharynx to stomach

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36
Q

what is the anatomy of the esophagus

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventitia

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37
Q

What are the 2 sphincters at each end of the esophagus

A

Upper esophageal sphincter
Lower esophageal sphincter

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38
Q

3 phases of ingestion

A

Oral phase
pharyngeal-esophageal phase
propulsion of food into esophagus

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39
Q

Gross anatomy of the stomach

A

Rugae
pyloric sphincter

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40
Q

4 layers of stomach wall

A

Mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

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41
Q

what are the 3 phases of gastric secretions

A

Cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

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42
Q

Gross anatomy of the liver

A

4 lobes
gall bladder attached to posterior inferior portion
Porta hepatis
portal vein
hepatic artery

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43
Q

Micro anatomy of the liver

A

Liver lobule
hepatocytes
portal triad
sinusoids

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44
Q

Functions of hepatocytes (liver cells) (4)

A

produce and secrete bile
process nutrients
store fat soluble vitamins
detoxification of blood

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45
Q

what is the portal triad (3 structures)

A

branch of hepatic artery
branch of portal vein
bile duct

46
Q

Functions of the liver (3)

A

processes nutrient-rich venous blood from digestive organs
cleans and detoxifies blood
produces bile to emulsify fats

47
Q

What are sinusoids

A

leaky capillaries between rows of hepatocytes, contain macrophages

48
Q

where is the gallbladder located?

A

posterior inferior portion of the liver

49
Q

what are the 4 cells types that contribute to gastric juice

A

mucous cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells

50
Q

What is the gross anatomy of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

51
Q

Function of the duodenum

A

most digestion
alkaline and mucous secretions neutralize acidic chyme

52
Q

function of jejunum

A

absorption

53
Q

function of ileum

A

absorption of vitamin B12 and bile salts

54
Q

what are the 4 layers of the small intestine wall

A

muscosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

55
Q

Specializations of the small intestine

A

circular folds
villi
microvilli

56
Q

Cell types on the villi in small intestine

A

enterocytes
Goblet cells

57
Q

cell types in intestine crypts

A

enteroendocrine cells
paneth cells
stem cells

58
Q

what are enterocytes (SI)

A

form bulk of endothelium
simple columnar absorptive cells with microvilli bound to each other by tight junctions

59
Q

what are goblet cells (SI)

A

mucous secreting cells

60
Q

what are enteroendocrine cells (SI)

A

secret hormones like CCK and secretin
sense food in the lumen

61
Q

what are paneth cells (SI)

A

release antimicrobial agents determining which bacteria can colonize in inestine

62
Q

what are paneth cells (SI)

A

release antimicrobial agents determining which bacteria can colonize in intestine

63
Q

what are stem cells (SI)

A

continuously divide with daughter cells differentiating into the 4 other cell types

64
Q

2 types of small intestine motility

A

segmentation
migrating motor complex

65
Q

Describe segmentation

A

after a meal
ensures mixing and absorption
intrinsic pacemaker cells in duodenum depolarize more frequently than ileum
can be altered by ANS

66
Q

describe migrating motor complex

A

between meals
waves of peristalsis begin in proximal duodenum and sweep distally
controlled by hormone motilin
every few hours, sweeps all material into large intestine

67
Q

what are the subdivisions of the large intestine? (7)

A

Cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal

68
Q

function of ileocecal valve

A

prevents backflow of chyme into small intestine

69
Q

what is teniae coli

A

longitudinal layer of muscularis reduced to 3 strips

70
Q

what is haustra

A

pockets in wall due to smooth muscle tone

71
Q

what is the appendix

A

worm-like appendage
contains immune cells and stores of bacteria to recolonize gut
vulnerable to blockage

72
Q

histology of large intestine

A

mucosa
muscularis externa

73
Q

large intestine major functions (3)

A

absorb remaining water
absorb metabolites from bacteria
package, store and release feces

74
Q

describe defecation reflex

A

stretching of rectum wall initiates
parasympathetic spinal reflex cause contraction of sigmoid colon and rectum wall and relaxation of internal anal sphincters
sensory signal to brain- conscious decision to voluntarily relax external anal sphincter

75
Q

list enzymes involved in digestion of carbohydrates (4)

A

amylase
sucrase
maltase
lactase

76
Q

list enzymes involved in digesting proteins

A

protease
sucrase
maltase
lactase

77
Q

list enzymes involved in digesting fats

A

lipase

78
Q

nutrient definition

A

substance in food the body uses to prompt normal growth, maintenance and repair

79
Q

what are the 5 major nutrient categories?

A

carbohydrates
proteins
fats
minerals
vitamins

80
Q

Dietary sources of carbs

A

sugars
starches
glycogen

81
Q

carbs uses in body

A

main fuel source for ATP production
source of fiber

82
Q

carbs dietary requirement

A

45-65% of total calorie intake
25-30 gm/day of fiber

83
Q

dietary sources of protein

A

complete proteins
incomplete proteins

84
Q

protein uses in body

A

use amino acids to build proteins or burn for energy

85
Q

protein dietary requirements

A

generally .8gm/kg body weight
need essential amino acids from diet

86
Q

fat dietary sources

A

saturated fats
unsaturated fats
cholesterol

87
Q

fat uses in the body (5)

A

Protect from heat loss, cushion body organs, energy store
Phospholipids create myelin and cell membranes
Cholesterol precursor to hormones, stabilizes cell membranes
Triglycerides are major fuel source for skeletal muscle and hepatocytes
presence of fats in diet aids in absorption of fat soluble vitamins

88
Q

fat dietary requirements

A

20-35% of total calorie intake
essential fatty acids = omega-3 and omega-6

89
Q

minerals that are essential to health (7)

A

calcium
phosphorus
sulfur
potassium
chlorine
sodium
magnesium

90
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B complex vitamins and vitamin C
absorbed in intestines
not stored, excess excreted in urine

91
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin A, D, E, and K
absorbed with dietary lipids in gut
stored in body
excess can result in toxicity

92
Q

what is the role of coenzymes in metabolism

A

play a role in oxidation-reduction reactions

93
Q

oxidation definition

A

gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen

94
Q

reduction definition

A

substance gains electrons

95
Q

Glycolysis

A

Uses 2 ATP
Makes 2 pyruvic acid molecules, 2 ATP and 2 reduced coenzymes

96
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

uses pyruvic acid and oxygen
Makes 6 CO2, 10 reduced coenzymes and 2 ATP molecules

97
Q

electron transport chain

A

uses 1 glucose molecule
makes 30 ATP

98
Q

What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration

A

Reactant: glucose and oxygen
Product: ATP and H2O

99
Q

Glycogenesis

A

polymerize glucose to form glycogen ( storage of glucose, occurs in liver and skeletal muscle)

100
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

hydrolyzes glycogen into glucose monomers (release glucose from storage, only liver can release to blood)

101
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

forms glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors (make new glucose from noncarbohydrate sources) mostly in liver

102
Q

Beta oxidation

A

fatty acids carbon-hydrogen chains broken down in cycles of beta-oxidation

103
Q

how are amino acids metabolized for energy

A

In liver
transamination and deamination: removes amino group from an amino acid
keto acid formed in transamination reaction is modified for citric acid cycle or conversion to fats or glucose

104
Q

Carbs are easily and frequently converted to___

A

fats

105
Q

fats and carbs are ___

A

oxidized to supply energy

106
Q

Amino acid pools must be converted to ___

A

metabolites that can enter citric acid cycle

107
Q

pyruvic acid can be converted to____

A

glucose

108
Q

what is major events of absorptive state

A

Anabolism exceeds catabolism and nutrients are stored
Glucose is major energy fuel
Carbs and amino acids absorbed into blood go to liver first

109
Q

what are major events of post absorptive states

A

Catabolism of fat, glycogen and proteins
Goal is to maintain homeostatic glucose levels

110
Q

Glucagon

A

Post absorptive state
stimulated by falling blood glucose levels
alpha cells increase glucagon secretion
beta cells decrease insulin secretion

111
Q

Insulin

A

absorptive state
stimulated by rising blood glucose levels
beta cells of pancreas increase insulin secretion

anatomy & physiology 019 (5 decks)

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