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anatomy & physiology 019 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium resting on basement membrane, protective shield (outside layer)

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2
Q

Dermis

A

loose and dense irregular connective tissue, bulk of skin (middle layer)

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3
Q

Hypodermis

A

loose connective tissue, anchors skin to muscle (innermost layer)

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4
Q

Functions of the skin (5)

A

Protection
sensation
thermoregulation
excretion
vitamin D synthesis

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5
Q

Protection (skin function)

A

mechanical trauma, invasion of pathogens, environmental hazards

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6
Q

sensation (skin function)

A

sensory receptors

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7
Q

thermoregulation (skin function)

A

maintenance of internal body temp through negative feedback loop

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8
Q

excretion (skin function)

A

waste products lost through sweat

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9
Q

Vitamin D synthesis (skin function)

A

UV light reaction with modified cholesterol to produce cholecalciferol

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10
Q

Layers of Epidermis (5)

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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11
Q

stratum basale (Epidermis)

A

deepest layer attached to dermis, closest to blood supply

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12
Q

stratum spinosum (Epidermis)

A

several layers thick, appear spiky under microscope, contains dendritic cells, system of intermediate filaments

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13
Q

stratum granulosum (Epidermis)

A

1-5 cells thick, initiates keratinization, prominent cytoplasmic granules, keratohyalin granules, lamellar granules, epidermal water barrier, cut off from nutrients

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14
Q

stratum lucidum (Epidermis)

A

thin translucent band transition region between s. granulosum and s. corneum, indistinct boundaries between dead keratinocytes, cut off from nutrients (only seen in thick skin)

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15
Q

stratum corneum (Epidermis)

A

20-30 cell layers thick, outermost layer, protects against abrasion and penetration, glycolipid from lamellar granules creates near waterproof layer

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16
Q

layers of Dermis (2)

A

papillary layer (20% of thickness)
reticular layer (80% of thickness)

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17
Q

papillary layer (dermis)

A

loose areolar connective tissue, dermal papillae, raised area of the papillary layer
Meissner corpuscle, free nerve endings, capillaries extend up under epidermis
blisters form between epidermis and papillary layers

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18
Q

Reticular layer (dermis)

A

dense irregular connective tissue
collagen and elastic fibers, stria (stretch marks)
blood vessels and accessory structures

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19
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

form fingerprints
thick skin dermal papillae are arranged on top of dermal ridges
dermal ridges indent epidermis forming epidermal ridges
provide enhanced grip
pattern in genetically determined
sweat pores on ridges help generate the finger prints

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20
Q

cleavage lines

A

are gaps in the bundles of collagen fibers in the dermis

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21
Q

flexure lines

A

dermal folds that occur at or near a joint

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22
Q

Where is melanin synthesized?

A

synthesized from tyrosine
rate of synthesis increased by UV radiation
packaged in melanosomes and delivered to keratinocytes

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23
Q

Why is melanin important to skin?

A

melanin absorbs UV radiation to protect keratinocyte DNA
(shields like an umbrella)

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24
Q

Accessory structures of the skin (3)

A

Nails
hair
glands

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25
Q

Function of nails

A

scalelike modifications of epidermis
hard keratin - cells don’t flake off
nail matrix - nail growth
clinical indicator of health

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26
Q

function of hair

A

insulation, protection, sensation
movement of hair stimulates sensory nerve endings in bulb
consists of dead keratinized cells
hard keratin- cells don’t flake off

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27
Q

sebaceous glands

A

secrete sebum (oily lubricant, liberation slows water loss, bactericidal

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28
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

merocrine secretion of sweat
sympathetic regulation
cold sweat = emotional regulation

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29
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

axillary and anogenital
sympathetic regulation = stress

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30
Q

erythema

A

redness, fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy, embarrassment

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31
Q

pallor

A

pale
anemia, low blood pressure, anger, fear, stress

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32
Q

jaundice

A

liver disorders
bilirubin accumulation in blood

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33
Q

cyanosis

A

blue
low amounts of hemoglobin and/or red blood cells

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34
Q

first line of defense

A

skin and mucosa
epidermis
mucous membrane
protective chemicals

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35
Q

2nd line of defense

A

internal defenses
phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever

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36
Q

3rd line of defense

A

adaptive defenses specific
humoral immunity (B cells) and cellular immunity (T cells)

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37
Q

why is skin important for immune system

A

first line of defense
physical barrier to pathogens
mucous membrane contains protective chemicals

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38
Q

2 categories of leukocytes

A

granulocytes
agranulocytes

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39
Q

function of leukocytes

A

primary cells repsonsible for immune response

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40
Q

structure of leukocytes

A

derived from hematopoietic stem cells
divide into myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

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41
Q

process of phagocytosis

A

process of engulfing and ingesting target pathogen

phagocytic cell recognizes something as foreign
binds to it and engulfs it in membrane vesicle (phagosome)
phagosome fuses with lysosome in cell (phagolysosome)

42
Q

describe natural killer cells

A

type of lymphocyte
provide rapid response to virus-infected cells and tumor cells
less picky about cellular targets compared to other lymphocytes in adaptive immune system
activated by abnormal cells and kills unhealthy cells

43
Q

Inflammatory mediators trigger

A

vasodilation of arterioles (redness and heat)
increased capillary permeability (swelling)
occurrence of pain (possible loss of function)
recruitment of other cells (chemotaxis)

44
Q

2 chemicals causing inflammation

A

histamine
prostaglandins

45
Q

function of 2 chemicals causing inflammation

A

increases capillary permeability
attracts/activate other immune cells
increase sensitivity of pain fibers

46
Q

what is 2nd stage of inflammatory response

A

phagocyte mobilization

47
Q

leukocytosis

A

neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow

48
Q

margination

A

neutrophils cling to capillary wall

49
Q

diapedesis

A

neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries

50
Q

chemotaxis

A

neutrophils follow chemical trail

51
Q

importance of interferons (antimicrobial proteins)

A

help protect uninfected cells from viruses
infected cell produces interferon
interferon protein is packaged in secretory granules and release by exocytosis
neighboring cells bind interferon which stimulates them to “beef up” their cell defenses

52
Q

importance of complement proteins

A

plasma proteins that help destroy pathogens
opsonization
enhance inflammation
insertion of membrane attack complex into membranes inducing cell lysis

53
Q

fever definition

A

pyrogens are chemicals released from damaged cells or pathogens that act by establishing a higher than normal body temp, set point in hypothalamus

54
Q

antigen definition

A

substances that trigger the adaptive immune system

55
Q

immunogenicity

A

ability to stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate

56
Q

reactivity definition

A

ability to reaction with activated lymphocytes and released antibodies

57
Q

self antigens definition

A

produced by the body’s own cells

58
Q

non self antigens definition

A

produced by bacteria, viruses, or from substances outside the body

59
Q

how do lymphocytes recognize an antigen?

A

they have a surface receptor specific to that particular antigen

60
Q

immunocompetence

A

must be able to recognize one specific antigen
each B or T cell will display a unique surface receptor
all the receptors on one B or T cell are all the same

61
Q

self tolerance

A

must be unresponsive to self antigens

62
Q

T cell education in thymus (immunocompetence)

A

MHC are expressed by all cells and are specific to an individual person
thymus cells also have these MHC proteins
T cells die in thymus if they can’t recognize self-MHC
survive if they recognize these self MHC proteins on thymus cells

63
Q

positive selection

A

T cells must recognize self major histocompatibility proteins

64
Q

T cell education in thymus (self tolerance)

A

T cells express T cell receptor on surface which recognizes foreign antigens and ignores self-antigens
T cells die if they bind self antigens
T cells survive if they ignore self antigens

65
Q

negative selection

A

T cells must not recognize self-antigens

66
Q

Primary humoral response

A

activation of naive B lymphocytes

67
Q

how is naive B lymphocytes activated

A

receptors bind to antigen-specific for that receptor
cell undergoes cell division to form army of clones

68
Q

what do B lymphocyte clones do? (2)

A

some differentiate into plasma cells which make millions of antibodies
others go dormant as memory B cells which can live many years

69
Q

Secondary Humoral response

A

memory B cells provide an enhanced response in a second exposure to antigen

70
Q

What’s different about secondary humoral response?

A

more plasma cells produced
1000X more antibodies produced
produced earlier after infection

71
Q

active immunity

A

B lymphocytes went through the activation process that led antibody production

72
Q

Passive Immunity

A

B lymphocytes not activated antibodies come from outside source

73
Q

Structure of antibody

A

composed of 4 polypeptide chains making up 2 identical halves
2 heavy chains and 2 light chains
2 antigen binding sites per antibody
Fab region
Fc region

74
Q

Fab region (antibody) function

A

forms antigen binding sites and confer specificity for unique antigen

75
Q

Fc region (antibody) function

A

dictate the type of cell the antibody can bind to
dictates how the antibody functions to eliminate antigens
Fc receptors on some immune cells

76
Q

Why are class 1 MHC important to cellular immunity?

A

found on all nucleated human cells
all cells synthesize proteins and recycle them
fragments of recycled proteins are displayed at cell surface on MHC I proteins
CD8 T cells recognize this MHC I/antigen complex

77
Q

why are class II MHC important to cellular immunity?

A

found primarily on antigen-presenting cells
phagocytic cells engulf and digest pathogens and display fragments on the surface
CD4 T cells recognize this MHC II/antigen complex at cell surface

78
Q

physiological activity of cytotoxic T cells

A

naive CD8 cells activated when they encounter abnormal body cells
clone formation leads to the formation of cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells
activated T cells release cytokines
only T cell that can directly attack and kill abnormal cells

79
Q

physiological activity of helper T cells

A

naive CD4 cells activated when they encounter antigen-presenting cells display fragments of foreign antigens
clone formation leads to formation of helper and memory T cells
activated T cells release cytokines
Helper T cell activation of B cells if required for full humoral immunity response

80
Q

Lymphatic system

A

returns leaked fluid to the cardiovascular system
network of lymphatic vessels
lymph
lymph nodes

81
Q

Lymphoid organs (5)

A

structural basis of immune system
spleen
thymus
tonsils
lymph nodes
MALT

82
Q

how does lymph flow from capillaries back to venous system

A

excess interstitial fluid is collected by lymphatic vessels
lymphatic vessels carry lymph through lymph nodes before returning lymph to blood
collecting veins –> lymphatic trunks –> lymphatic ducts
lymph empties into subclavian veins close to heart

83
Q

describe lymphoid cells and tissue

A

overlapping endothelial cells
collagen filaments tie overlapping flaps to surrounding connective tissue
lymphoid tissue contains cells of innate and adaptive defenses (B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells)

84
Q

when do lymphoid flaps open and close

A

flaps close when interstitial pressure < lymphatic pressure
flaps open when interstitial pressure > lymphatic pressure

85
Q

define primary lymphoid organs

A

where B and T lymphocytes mature
both originate in red marrow
B cells mature in red marrow
T cells mature in thymus

86
Q

define secondary lymphoid organs

A

where mature lymphocytes first encounter antigens and are activated
lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, peyers patches, appendix

87
Q

function of spleen

A

site of lymphocyte proliferation, immune surveillance, and blood cleansing

88
Q

White pulp (spleen)

A

immune function, composed of lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibers, form cuffs around central arteries

89
Q

Red pulp (spleen)

A

where worn out RBCs and blood-borne pathogens are destroyed by macrophages

90
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

cleanse the lymph and used for immune system activation

91
Q

How does the spleen filter blood

A

extracts aged and defective RBCs and platelets, recycled products
macrophages remove debris and foreign materials
erythrocyte production in fetus

92
Q

Lymph Node structure (7)

A

Capsule, cortex and medulla regions
Lymph flows into node through afferent lymphatic vessels
Flows through cortex, filled with lymphoid follicles
B cells, T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells also diffusely distributed in cortex and medulla
Lymph flows out efferent lymphatic vessels
Blood vessels continually bring new white blood cells
Lymph is screened by lymphocytes and phagocytic cells as it travels one-way through the lymph node

93
Q

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) definition

A

collection of lymphoid tissue clustered in areas prone to pathogen exposure

94
Q

MALT anatomy and physiology

A

found in GI tract, respiratory passages, genitourinary organs
included: tonsils, peyers patches, and appendix
composed of spherical clusters of lymphoid follicles (B cells)

95
Q

How does a virus take over a host cell to produce new virus

A

Binds to ACE2 receptor on cell surface
virus enters cell and releases its genetic info (RNA)
host ribosome translates viral RNA and synthesizes viral proteins
proteins assembled into new viral particles
new virus released to body fluids

96
Q

why is a transplanted organ at risk for rejection

A

donated tissue is recognized as non-self by recipients immune system
leads to destruction of donated tissue
treated with immunosuppressants

97
Q

autoimmunity

A

immune system mistakenly sees self antigens as foreign and attacks some body cells

98
Q

allergies

A

result when your immune system reacts to a substance that is normally harmless

99
Q

first exposure (allergies)

A

allergen is ingested and processed by antigen-presenting cells
antigen-presenting cell-activated helper T cells
activated T helper cell in turn activates B lymphocyte
activated B lymphocytes become plasma cells and memory cells
memory B and T cells retain memory of exposure to allergen

100
Q

reexposure (allergies)

A

upon exposure to allergen, B, and T cells activate more quickly
Body reacts strongly with the release of histamine, cytokines, and other mediators causing allergic symptoms

101
Q

Anaphylactic reaction symptoms (6)

A

sudden drop in BP
weak rapid pulse
constriction of airways and a swollen tongue or throat
skin reactions, hives, itching, discolored skin
nausea, vomiting or diarrhea
dizziness or fainting

anatomy & physiology 019 (5 decks)

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