Gender

Question 1

Sex

Answer 1

Biological differences between males and females including chromosomes xx or xy hormones and anatomy - genitals

Question 2

Gender

Answer 2

The psychological and cultural differences between males and females including attitudes behaviours and social roles

Question 3

Sex role stereotypes

Answer 3

Set of beliefs and preconceived ideas about what is expected or appropriate for males and females in a give society or social group

Question 4

Ingalhalikar

Answer 4

Scanned young men and women using mri
Women have better connection between left and right sides of the brain
Males have better motor skills more intense activity here

Question 5

Androgyny

Answer 5

Displaying a balance of masculine and feminine traits in one’s personality

Question 6

Bems theory

Answer 6

High androgyny is associated with psychological well being because they are better equipped to adapt to a range of situations

Question 7

Bem sex role inventory

Answer 7

20x masc 20x fem 20x neutral traits
Responds ranked themselves on a 7 point scale for each word
High masc low fem= masculine
High masc high gem = androgynous

Question 8

Role of chromosomes in gender

Answer 8

23rd pair determines biological sex
Xx female Xy male
Egg cell - X chromosome sperm either x or Y chromosome
if carry Y chromosome - SRY gene causes tested to develop and androgens

Question 9

Role of hormones

Answer 9

Cause gender development
Hormones act on brain development and development of genitals
Puberty hormones trigger secondary sexual characteristics

Question 10

Testosterone

Answer 10

Controls development of male sex organs in foetal development
Linked to aggression - towards rivals compete for fertile female
Hunter role

Question 11

Oestrogen

Answer 11

Determines sexual characteristics and menstration
Heightened emotions in menstrual cycle called pms

Question 12

Oxytocin

Answer 12

Stimulates lactation reduces cortisol and fascilitates bonding
Released during labour for mother to love baby - men produce far less naturally

Question 13

Klinefelters syndrome

Answer 13

XXY chromosomes
Anatomical appearance of man
Reduced body hair /breast development/ underdeveloped genitals
Poor language skills / problem solving and lack interest in sexual activity

Question 14

Turner’s syndrome

Answer 14

XO chromosome have 45 chromo instead of 46
Webbed neck set ears hips not much bigger than waist
Higher average reading ability/ socially immature/ maths tasks lower performance

Question 15

Kohlbergs theory

Answer 15

Understanding of gender becomes more sophisticated with age as a result of biological maturation
Stage 1- identity
Stage 2- stability
Stage 3- constancy

Question 16

Stage 1 gender identity

Answer 16

Age of 2 correctly identify themselves as a boy/girl
At 3 identify male or females doesn’t stretch beyond labelling
“I want to be a mummy” - boy 3 yrs old

Question 17

Stage 2 gender stability

Answer 17

Age 4 now know their gender will not change
Cannot apply logic to other people man with long hair is a woman

Question 18

Stage 3- gender constancy

Answer 18

Age 6 gender remains constant across time and situations
Seek gender appropriate role models to imitate
Gender stereotyping begins here

Question 19

Gender schema

Answer 19

Organised set of beliefs related to gender that are derived from experience - guides own understanding of own gender and appropriate gender behaviour

Question 20

Martin and halversons theory

Answer 20

Once a child establish gender identity search environment that encourages development of gender schema
Schema are likely to be formed around stereotypes - boys play with trucks etc
By 6 stereotypical idea about appropriate gender behaviour

Question 21

In groups and out groups

Answer 21

Children have better understanding of schema appropriate to own gender - pay more attention and identity here boosts self esteem
Disregard our groups until 8 years old elaborate schema for both genders

Question 22

Psychodynamic approach to gender

Answer 22

Prior to phallic stage no concept of gender identity
In the phallic stage experience the Oedipus/electra complex which are crucial to form gender identity

Question 23

Oedipus complex

Answer 23

Boys develop incestuous thoughts towards mother
Hatred to father - castration anxiety
Resolve this boy gives up conflict and identifies with father
Internalises w father taking on gender identity and adopting values and attitudes

Question 24

Electra complex

Answer 24

Girls experience penis envy
Compete w mother for fathers love
Hatred to mother - love rival and castrated by her mother during pregnancy
Substitute envy with desire to have children identifying with the mother
Internalising gender identity and her mothers attitudes and values

Question 25

Social learning theory

Answer 25

The role that social context plays in development and states that all gender related behaviour is learned from observing others

Question 26

Direct reinforcement

Answer 26

More likely to be praised by demonstrating gender appropriate behaviour

Question 27

Differential reinforcement

Answer 27

Boys and girls encouraged to show distinct gender appropriate behaviour
Through this a child learns their gender identity

Question 28

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 28

Consequences of another persons behaviour are favourable that behaviour is more likely to be imitated

Question 29

Identification SLT

Answer 29

Process where the child attaches themselves to a person who is seen like them or who they want to be
Usually the same sex as the child
Model behaviours demonstrated by the role model eg a girl feeding her dolls

Question 30

Mediational processes

Answer 30

Attention
Retention
Motivation
Motor reproduction

Question 31

Cultural differences research- Mead

Answer 31

Arapesh tribe were gentle and responsive
Mundugumor were aggressive and hostile
Tchambuli women were dominant and organised village life
May not demonstrate a a direct relationship between sex and gender - innate behaviours are expressed as a result of cultural norms

Question 32

Cross culture similarities

Answer 32

Buss found consistent patterns in mate preference in 37 different countries
Women sought men who offer wealth and resources and male looked for young and attractive females

Question 33

Media and rigid stereotypes

Answer 33

A study on tv adverts found men were depicted in autonomous roles within professional context whereas women were depicted in a domestic setting
Media may play a role in reinforcing wide spread gender stereotypes

Question 34

Self efficacy

Answer 34

Seeing other people perform gender appropriate behaviour increases a child’s belief they are capable of carrying out such behaviours
Study girls and boys watch a tv show girls more likely to see them selves working outside the home - suggest self efficacy has changed

Question 35

Gender dysphoria

Answer 35

Strong feelings of identification with the opposite gender and discomfort with one’s own assigned sex - live as members of the opposite sex

Question 36

Biological - atypical gender development

Answer 36

Brain structure- BST larger in males than females found to be female sized in those transgender females (size of sex identify w )
Genetic factors - 62% of the variance could be accounted for via genes
39% of mz twins concordant whereas none of DZ twins were

Question 37

Social explanations for atypical gender development

Answer 37

Social construction- gender identity is based of concepts invented by societies
Kwoluaatmol labia and clit develop into penis in puberty accepted however since in contact w west are now judged having gender dysphoria
Psychoanalytic- extreme separation anxiety before gender identity fantasises of symbiotic fusion w mother to relieve anxiety and danger of desperation is removed overly close w mother