Paper 2 Essays Flashcards
Discuss origins of psych
Wundt et al first set up lab in Leipzig Germany
First to make psych a science
Break up conscious awareness into basic struc= image thoughts and sensations
Shown various stimuli describe these
S= scientific controlled research
L= self report researcher bias subjective data
S= pioneer in psych research
Discuss social learning theory as an approach
Vicarious reinforcement- learn from observing others imitation of those rewarded
Role models
ARMM - bobo doll children imitate adult behav
Identification- desire to be associated with particular person or group desire characteristics role model
•S= explanation applies to gender roles more likely to imitate similar gender
•L= research based off of lab studies demand charac pleasing researcher
•S= better than behaviourist approach takes into account cog factors neither class or operant cond offers adequate account
Discuss the behaviourist approach
Classical conditioning - pavlovs dogs bell conditioned stimulus
Operant conditioning- negative reinforcement punishment positive reinforcement
•S= application to explain phobias - little Albert
•L= deterministic - all behav is determined by reinforcement history
•L= RWA to token economy systems
Discuss the cognitive approach
Schema - group of thoughts and emotions regarding a specific thing
Computer models - input + output informational processing approach
Cognitive neuroscience- influence of brain structures on mental processes fMRI broca damage permanent damage speech impaired
L= machine reductionist comparison of human to computer function
S= application to real world - gender identity and explaining and treating depression
S= Scientific controlled research etc
Discuss the biological approach
Genetics - concordance rates used to analyse this twin studies
Neurotransmitter - function rely on chemical transmission in brain imbalance cause illness
Genotype make up phenotype way genes are expressed through characteristics
Evolution and natural selection
•S= genetics schizo polymorphic risk of sz
•L- deterministic - all actions determined by genetics and neurotransmitter - no application in justice system
•S= lead to drug treatments benefit society
•S= highly scientific
Nature - genetic blue print genotype affected by environ phenotype
Reductionist- explains by genetics or neurons serotonin eg
Deterministic- genetic determinism our behav directed by innate influences
Discuss psychodynamic approach
Id - pleasure bio drives superego morality ego judge
Conscious - present thoughts and ideas preconscious memories recalled unconscious biological drives and trauma recalled by parapraxes
Stages of development- oral anal phallic latency genital
Oedipus and electra - phallic stage internalise same sex
Defence mechanisms- repression denial and displacement
L= v deterministic
L= merely a pseudoscience based off of little hans subjective and unfalsifiable theories
S= dream analysis early form of counselling development to therapy
Discuss the humanistic approach
Maslow hierarchy of needs self actualisation on top ability of self growth and achievement
Rogers - congruence ideal self and perceived self incongruence solved by incr self esteem conditional love in childhood
Xxxxxxx
•S= holistic approach
•S= application to client centred based therapy congruence unconditional positive regard
•L= unscientific unfalsifiable and relies upon theories cannot be broken down into variables
•S= optimistic bring person back into psych positive image free to work towards achievement and in control of lives
Discuss hemispheric lateralisation
Hemispheres control different functions
LH- analyser RH-synthesiser
LH - language
Collateral motor
Ipsilateral LVF rh RVf LH
S= Nielsen analysed 1000 studies no evidence to prove dominant side but different sides different actions
S= 2 hemispheres process info differently fink et al look at global elements RH lit up but details LH lit up dominant
Discuss split brain research
Sperry et al 11 pp shown objects on both LVF and RVf shown on RVf says nothings there could pick with left hand tho
Corpus callosum is removed
•S= high control lab study
•L= Sperry research hard to identify causal relationships neurotypical control group none had epilepsy confounding variable may be due to epilepsy rather than split brain
Discuss localisation of the brain
Temporal lobe - auditory
Occipital love - iconic
Somatosensory - touch
Frontal lobe - emotions
Broca’s - speech production
Wernickes - auditory processing
Specific areas specific function
•S - v scientific methods highly controlled
•L- lashleys rats maze no area affected time taken to complete just if more brain removed worse spatial aware
Discuss plasticity
Adaption of the brain upon learning new information
Maguire the knowledge hippocampus spatial larger
•S- support by draganski measure hippocampus before and after exams grew
•L- data from maguire may have predispotional larger hippocampus present
•S- 40yr old golfers Bezzola taught by pro brain developed more after taught better golfers plasticity doesnt deplete w age
•L- phantom limb syndrome painful and uncomfortable symptoms doesn’t always positive
Discuss functional recovery
Brain adapts due to trauma
Axonal sprouting- greater axon splitting accounting for damage areas
Recruit homologous areas- other areas carry out func area damaged
Super-sensitivity- greater amplitude of pain for example exaggerate lost areas
•S= encourages new therapy neuro rehab Axonal sprout stroke treatment constraint induce movement therapy move other side of body
L= depends on level of education more time 40% more likely off in education past 16 than 10% less than 12 yrs
Discuss ways of studying the brain
fMRI - blood flow around the brain
•S- high spatial resolution
•L- low temporal resolution- delay
ERGs- electrodes fitted to scalp measure impulse
•L- low spatial resolution
•S- high temporal resolution
EEGs- electrodes fitted to scalp measuring specific impulses in areas of brain
•S- high spatial and temporal validity
Post mortem l- study of brain structure after patient dies
•S- pioneering in psych brain structures and abnormalities
•L- cannot determine if abnormality is a result of symptom causation is an issue unrelated decay or trauma
Discuss circadian rhythms
1x every 24hr
Sleep wake cycle
Siffres cave study - body clock 24 hrs
Aschoff and Weever - pp in a ww2 bunker determined body clock was 24hrs
•S-Folkard changed daily cycle to 22 hrs without informing pp couldn’t keep up
•L- Siffres and A&W studies flawed volunteer bias and researcher bias
•S- drug taking - aspirin platelets before sleep most heart attacks in morning
•S- understanding of shift work - develop worst long term health no regulatory shifts most accidents xxxx
Discuss Infradian rhythms
1x more than 24hrs
Menstrual cycle xx every 28 days 9 people’s pheromones wiped on top lip cycles synced up
SAD- seasonal activated depression low light levels influx of melatonin inhibit serotonin levels
•S- evolutionary advantage of syncing
•S- application SAD light boxes in order to decrease serotonin inhibition
•L- small sample size many confounding variables etc xxxx
