Chapter 9 Flashcards
A person that has excessive fat and is above normal weight.
Overweight
Being extremely overweight and having too much body mass.
Obesity
When chylomicrons and VLDL pass the liver, triglycerides are broken down to provide fatty acids that the muscles can use for energy and adipose tissue storage.
Lipoprotein lipase
A protein produced by fat cells, which suppresses appetite and stimulates energy expenditure.
Leptin
Acts as a hormone in the hypothalamus and is secreted mainly by stomach cells to promote positive energy balance and an increase in body weight.
Ghrelin
An eating plan that promote quick weight loss and limit certain foods or overemphasize others.
Fad diet
What proportion of the US adult population is overweight or obese?
70%
How have obesity rates changed from 2011 to 2015.
The obesity rates in 2011 had increased in 2015 by 12.8 percent.
Calculate BMI, and list the BMI classifications.
BMI is calculated by [(weight/height (in.)^2) x 703]
Example, (135/(64 in.)^2) x 703 = 23. BMI classifications is that a BMI under 18.5 is considered underweight, 18.5-24.9 is healthy weight, 25-29.9 is overweight, and 30-39.9 is obese.
Describe how body fat develops during growth and during adulthood.
Fat cells increase rapidly during growing years of late childhood and early puberty. Even after growth ceases, the number of fat cells continues to increase when energy is positive.
If a fat cell is overly full of triglycerides, but intake of kcals continues beyond needs, what happens next?
When energy intake exceeds expenditure, fat cells increase in size. When fat cells have enlarged, and energy intake continues to exceed energy expenditure, fat cells may increase in number again. When fat is lost, the fat cells decrease in size but not in number.
Discuss the physical, social, and psychological consequences of overweight and obesity.
Some physical consequences are health risks like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases like heart disease and stroke, osteoarthritis, and cancers like endometrial, breast, and colon. Some social consequences are that overweight or obese people face prejudice and discrimination, such as they are lazy and lack of self-control which causes them to feel shame and add additional harmful behaviors such as binge eating, social isolation, decreased physical activity, more weight gain, and avoidance of health care services. Some psychological consequences are depression and anxiety, which can cause emotional eating and weight gain, bad body image, low self-esteem, eating disorders, stress, and poor quality of life.
What is the difference between white and brown adipose tissue?
White adipose tissue stores fat for other cells to use for energy, and brown adipose tissue releases stored energy as heat to protect against cold and prevent obesity. Brown adipose is mostly found in newborns and animals, and brite adipocytes are found in adults.
What enzyme is higher in obese people and makes fat storage especially efficient?
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
What effect does weight loss have on fat cells?
They decrease in size only.
