Traumatic brain injury

Question 1

What are three main effects of head injuries?

Answer 1

-Behavioural
-Cognitive impairment
-Motor and sensory changes

Question 2

What behavioural changes occur with Traumatic brain injuries?

Answer 2

anxiety, depression and impulsivity.

Question 3

What cognitive impairments can occur due to traumatic brain injuries?

Answer 3

memory problems, attention problems, loss of sight

Question 4

what motor and sensitivty problems can occur due to traumatic brain injury?

Answer 4

loss of co-ordination, muscle rigidity, epilepsy, difficulty speaking,fatigue and sexual problems.

Question 5

what is the glasgow coma scale?

Answer 5

Traumatic brain injury diagnosis, monitors changes on consciouness, motor repsonse and eye opeing.

Question 6

what are the categories of the glasgow coma scale?

Answer 6

1 is no response and 4-6 is normal.
<8 severe injury
9-12 moderate head injury
>12 mild head injury

Question 7

what are the three types of head injury?

Answer 7

Open/penetrating, closed and crush.

Question 8

what is an open/penetraitng head injury?

Answer 8

when an object goes through the skull adn enters the brain.

Question 9

what is a closed head injury?

Answer 9

trauma causing the head to shale violently in the skull with no visible wound.

Question 10

what is a crush head injury?

Answer 10

whe the head is sandwiched between two objects.

Question 11

what is a coup injury in respect to brain injuries?

Answer 11

a primary head injury when the head stops suddenly and brain rushes. inccurs an impact injury at site of skull contact

Question 12

what is a contrecoup injury in respect to brain injuries?

Answer 12

secondary injury of the brain when it bouncesoff primary surface and impacts subsequently on the other side.

Question 13

What kinda of injuries inccur during whiplash TBI?

Answer 13

hyper-extension and hyperflexion

Question 14

what is hyperextension head injury?

Answer 14

Sudden backwards acceleration of skull once skull stops mvoing the frontal lobe strikes the front of the skull. (coup)

Question 15

what is hyperflexion head injury?

Answer 15

head recoils fowards and stops causing the occipital lobe to strike the front of the skull. (contrecoup)

Question 16

Name 5 primary injuries during TBI?

Answer 16

-skull fracture
-contusions
-haemorrhage
-haematoma
-diffused axonal injury
-concussion

Question 17

Name 5 secondary injuries that can occur during TBI?

Answer 17

-brain swelling
-increased intracranial pressure
-intracranial haemorrhage
-epilepsy
-Hypoxies
all lead to atrophy of the brain tissue and wider symptoms.`

Question 18

how do you work out cerebral perfusion pressure?

Answer 18

Cerebral prefusion presure= mean aterial pressure- intracranial pressure.

Question 19

what is the monroe kellie doctrine?

Answer 19

intracranial volume= brain volume+ blood volume+ cerebrospinal fluid volume.

Question 20

what are the intrcranial components?

Answer 20

Brain,blood and cerebro spinal fluid.

Question 21

what are the intrcranial components?

Answer 21

Brain,blood and cerebro spinal fluid.

Question 22

What treatments are there for traumatic brain injuries?

Answer 22

-medically induced coma
-brain diuretic
-palcemetn of a shunt to release pressure
-cranieoctomy (partial skull removal)

Question 23

name two types of secondary brain injuries?

Answer 23

-neurochemical injury
-neuro-inflammation

Question 24

What are neurochemical injuries?

Answer 24

-excessive production of free radicals
-excessive release of excitatory neurotransmitters
-alterations in glucose metabolism
-decreased cerebral inflammation.

Question 25

what are examples of late/delayed brain injuries?

Answer 25

-white matter degeneration
-post-traumatic hydrocephalus
-post traumatic seizures

Question 26

what are neuroinflammatory injuries?

Answer 26

-activation of microglia, astrocyte and neurons
-activation and recruitment of macrophages
-Microglia secrete proinflamatory modulators to degrade BBB release cytokines

Question 27

what is diffusal axonal injury (DAI)?

Answer 27

BAPP produced by neurons in response to injury, accumulates at points of damage froms swellings many axons ahve multiple swellings.

Question 28

what is chronic traumatic Encephalopathy?

Answer 28

CTE is a progressiev and degenerating disorder that has been linked to repeated head injuries and repeated concussions.

Question 29

What are the symptoms of chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

Answer 29

Memory loss, confusion, impaired judgement, aggression, depression and parkinsons.