stroke

Question 1

what is as stroke?

Answer 1

Brain attack caused by a disturbance of blood supply to the brain

Question 2

what are the three main types of stroke?

Answer 2

Ischemic
haemorraghic
Transient ischemic attack

Question 3

what is an ischemic stroke?

Answer 3

a blockage leading to bloodflow prevention

Question 4

what is a haemorraghic stroke?

Answer 4

rupture of a blood vessel

Question 5

what are two types of haemorraghic stroke?

Answer 5

intracerebral
subarachnoid

Question 6

what does extracellular haemaglobin do in a haemorrhage?

Answer 6

haemaglobin induces cell death mainly via oxidation

Question 7

subarachnoid haemorrhage as the highest incident rate of death and injury. Why?

Answer 7

subarachnoid blood distributes rapidly over the entire brain and penetrates deeply.

Question 8

what is clot lysis?

Answer 8

the removal and breakdown of blood clots.

Question 9

what is another name for an ischemic stroke?

Answer 9

Thrombotic stroke

Question 10

what two types of treatment are there for strokes?

Answer 10

Preventitive
Clot bursting (thrombolysis)

Question 11

what are modificable risk factors for strokes?

Answer 11

High bloodpressure
smoking
alcohol
obesity
cholestoral level
exercise level

Question 12

what are un-modifiable risk factors of strokes?

Answer 12

Age
Race
Sex
Diabetes

Question 13

what is an atheroma?

Answer 13

accumulation of intra/extracellular lipids in the inner layer of arteries

Question 14

What is Atherosclerosis?

Answer 14

Thickening of artery walls and aterioles usually as a result hypertension or diabetes.

Question 15

what is an aneurysm?

Answer 15

A bulge in a blood vessel caused by a weakness in blood vessel wall

Question 16

what can be used to determine the age of the lesion?

Answer 16

inflammatory markers

Question 17

what happens to white blood cells after a stroke?

Answer 17

WBCs count goes up hours after the ischemic attack and take 1-2 days to reduce again

Question 18

The immuno-depression of a stroke is a major determinant of mortality

Question 19

what is an ischemic penumbra?

Answer 19

an area of reduced perfusion sufficient to cause partially irreversible clinical deficets but not disrupt ionic homeostasis.

Question 20

what is an ischemic core?

Answer 20

irreersibly damaged tissue, low blood flow and depleted atp stores.

Question 21

What two types of MRi are used to deteect inschemic stroke?

Answer 21

diffusion weighted imaging
(DWI)
Perfusion weighted imaging
(PWI)

Question 22

what is a diffusion weighted imaging MRI?

Answer 22

Detects areas of restricted diffusion of water

Question 23

what is a perfusion weighted imaging MRI?

Answer 23

detects abnoral blood flow

Question 24

How do you find the penumbra area?

Answer 24

diffsuion-perfusion mismatch

Question 25

what receptors protect against oxygen deprivation in the brain?

Answer 25

Glutamaate and Calcium receptors, protect neurons for up to 2hours against oxygen deprivation.

Question 26

what receptors are involved in anoxic neuronal death?

Answer 26

NMDAR, TRPM2, TRPM7

Question 27

under ischemic conditions what happens to Na+,k+ and pH gradients in neurons?

Answer 27

they enter the reverse state, leading to increased extracellular glutamte concentrations.

Question 28

under ischemic conditions what happens to Na+,k+ and pH gradients in neurons?

Answer 28

they enter the reverse state, leading to increased extracellular glutamte concentrations.