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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 17: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

what reaction requires energy and builds larger molecules form smaller ones

A

anabolic reaction

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2
Q

what is an example of an anabolic reaction

A

amino acid + amino acid = dipeptide

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3
Q

what reaction takes larger molecules and break them down into smaller ones

A

catabolic reaction

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4
Q

what is an example of a catabolic reaction

A

dipeptide = amino acid + amino acid

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5
Q

What is the term for the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

A

metabolism

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6
Q

what is the term for a substance that increases the speed or rate of a chemical reaction

A

enzyme

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7
Q

what is the term for substance that assists enzymes and is made from vitamins or minerals

A

coenzymes

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8
Q

what are some common coenzymes

A

NAD+, FAD, coenzyme A

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9
Q

What type of respiration does not require oxygen

A

anaerobic respiration

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10
Q

what type of respiration requires oxygen

A

aerobic respiration

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11
Q

What is the product of glycolysis; is it a lot or a little

A

ATP, quick but little ATP

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12
Q

what is another name for the citric acid cycle

A

TCA, Krebs

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13
Q

What produces the most amount of ATP in aerobic respiration

A

the electron transport chain

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14
Q

Glucose is only used to make ATP in _____ and ______

A

RBCs; neurons

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15
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration take place

A

cytosol (cytoplasm)

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16
Q

What type of activity is glycolysis important for

A

strenuous, quick bursts of activity

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17
Q

when glucose is turned into __ _______, __ _____ and __ ______ is released

A

pyruvic acid; 2 ATP; 2 NADH

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18
Q

when 2 pyruvic acid are created only _______ of energy from glucose is extracted at this point

A

10%

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19
Q

the 2 pyruvic acid are turned into _______ when no oxygen is available which creates ______

A

2 lactic acid; 2 Lactate

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20
Q

What is the order for the pathway for aerobic respiration

A

transition reaction, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport System

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21
Q

where does NAD+ come from

A

the vitamin niacin

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22
Q

what does NAD+ get reduced to when it accepts a hydrogen (one electron) from glucose

A

NADH

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23
Q

Where do FAD come from

A

the vitamin riboflavin

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24
Q

what does FAD+ get reduced to when it accepts two hydrogen (two electrons) during the TCA cycle

A

FADH2

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25
Q

What is the transition reaction

A

the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA

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26
Q

What causes the shift from anaerobic to aerobic respiration

A

the transition reaction

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27
Q

what is the term for removing a carboxyl group (COOH) to form _______

A

decarboxylation; CO2

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28
Q

where does Coenzyme A come from

A

the vitamin pantothenic acid

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29
Q

what is the equation for the transition reaction

A

pyruvate (3C) + Coenzyme A –> acetyl CoA + NADH + CO2

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30
Q

When oxygen is not available pyruvate becomes ____ ___

A

lactic acid

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31
Q

When oxygen is available pyruvate becomes _____ ____

A

Acetyl CoA

32
Q

when pyruvate is being turned into Acetyl CoA NAD+ is reduced to ______ and _____ is released

A

NADH; CO2

33
Q

Acetyl CoA transfers its _____ _____ to __________ which then becomes _____ _____ in order for the citric acid cycle to begin

A

acetyl group; oxaloacetate: citric acid

34
Q

What happens to NADH after acetyl CoA is formed

A

is gets transported to the ETS

35
Q

A removal of ______ forms ______ and citric acid (6C) becomes ______

A

carbon atom; CO2; 5C

36
Q

During the Krebs Cycle how many NADH are created and how many FADH2 are created

A

3 NADH; 1 FADH2

37
Q

when 5C is converted back to oxaloacetate, ______ + ____ come together to form ______

A

ADP; P; ATP

38
Q

the electron transport chain begins with _______ dropping off its ______ to a protein which allows H+ to enter inner membrane

A

NADH; 2 electrons

39
Q

the second step in the ETC happens when ______ drops of its _____ to another protein which allow H+ to enter inner membrane

A

FADH2; 2 electrons

40
Q

The third step in ETC, the electrons are taken to _____ _______ where oxygen take the electrons to create _______

A

cytochrom oxidase; water

41
Q

In the fourth step of ETC, ____ _________ allows H+ to follow from high to low cause _____ and ____ to form to create ______

A

ATP Synthase; ADP; P; ATP

42
Q

Glycolysis, transition, and Krebs yield ____ NADH

A

10

43
Q

1 NADH yields ___ ATP

A

3

44
Q

1 FADH2 yields ___ ATP

A

2

45
Q

The ETS, Glycolysis, and Krebs make how much ATP per glucose

A

38

46
Q

what yields much more ATP than glucose

A

fatty acids

47
Q

an excessive oxidation of fatty acids creates _____

A

ketones

48
Q

what are examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

49
Q

what is a popular form of starch and where is it stored

A

amylose; plants

50
Q

glycogen is stored in the ____ and _____ as a form of _______

A

liver; muscles; glucose

51
Q

How do you make Sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

52
Q

which simple sugar is commonly known as table sugar

A

sucrose

53
Q

how do you make maltose

A

glucose + glucose

54
Q

how do you make lactose

A

glucose + galactose

55
Q

term for the formation of glycogen from glucose

A

glycogenesis

56
Q

carbohydrates are converted to fat because of an excess of _____

A

acetyl CoA

57
Q

How is fat from carbs stored

A

as a triglyceride in adipose tissue

58
Q

term for the synthesis of new glucose from non-carbs

A

gluconeogenesis

59
Q

what is used for gluconeogensis

A

glycerol + lactate + amino acids

60
Q

what is the term for the production of adipose

A

lipogenesis

61
Q

When fat and protein are burned excessively what happens

A

excess of keto-acids are formed and blood pH decreases

62
Q

what are two essential fatty acids that are needed for hormones and the cell membrane

A

omega 3 and omega 6

63
Q

how do you get omega 3

A

through fish oils

64
Q

how do you get omega 6

A

through seeds and nuts

65
Q

how many amino acids are important to humans

A

20

66
Q

how many essential amino acids are there

A

9

67
Q

what are the structural proteins

A

actin, myosin, collagen

68
Q

most enzymes are ______

A

proteins

69
Q

What is the term for converting one amino acid into a different one

A

transamination

70
Q

what is the term for the removal of an amine group

A

deamination

71
Q

what is the term for build up of uric acid in blood

A

hyperuricemia

72
Q

What is the disorder that is caused from a build up of uric acid crystals in joints, especially the great toe

A

gouty arthritis

73
Q

what increases the chance of gouty arthritis

A

high organ meat, red meat, and alcohol consumption

74
Q

what are the fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

75
Q

where are the fat soluble vitamins stored

A

the liver and adipose

76
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins

A

B and C vitamins

77
Q

what are examples of antioxidants

A

beta carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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