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Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the common clinical signs associated with ectoparasitic disease.

A
  • Puritis
  • Alopecia
  • Erosions
  • Crust
  • Scale
  • Secondary infection
  • Chronic changes
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2
Q

Outline the 4 cutaneous reaction patterns of cats.

A
  • Head and neck pruritus
  • Symmetrical alopecia
  • Eosinophilic granuloma complex (EGC)
  • Miliary dermatitis
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3
Q

Outline the common clinical signs associated with fleas.

A

Puritis (variable)
Dogs - caudal/dorsal part of body.
Cats - 4 cutaneous reaction patterns
Rabbits - pinna affected with dorsum/rump

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4
Q

Name the surface mites of cattle and whether they are common or rare.

A

Chorioptes bovis (common)

Psoroptes (rare)

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5
Q

Name the surface mites of sheep and whether they are common or rare.

A

Psoroptes ovis - sheep scab

Chorioptes bovis - scrotal scab

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6
Q

Name the surface mites of the horse and whether they are common or rare.

A

Chorioptes equi (common)

Psoroptes

Neotrombicila (harvest mite)

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7
Q

Outline where Chorioptes equi are commonly found.

A

Leg/tail mange especially with horses that are feathered.

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8
Q

Name the surface mites of dogs and cats and their common clinical signs.

A

Otodectes - dark dry exudate

Cheyletiella (fur mite) - truncal scale

Neotrombicula (harvest mite) - head/limbs.

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9
Q

Name the surface mites of rabbits and their clinical signs.

A

Cheyletiella (fur mite) - common, causes truncal scale.

Leporacus gibbus (fur mite) - asymptomatic, brown mite dust

Psoroptes cuniculi (ear mite) - very painly flackey adherent otic crust.

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10
Q

Name the burrowing mites of Dogs and whether their clinical signs.

A

Sarcoptes scabiei - sarcoptic mange- very puritic, crust on pinnal margins/hocks/elbows, positive pinnal/pedal reflex. Zoonotic

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11
Q

Name the burrowing mites of the guinea pig and their clinical signs

A

Trixacarus - extremely puritic, can cause seizures and death. Zoonotic

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12
Q

Name the burrowing mites of birds and their common clinical signs.

A

Cnemidocoptes - scaley beak and scaley leg

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13
Q

Outline the species impacted by demodex

A

Dog, hamster, occasionally cat.

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14
Q

Outline the common clinical signs associated with demodex.

A
  • Folliculitis - pustules, papules, comedones, casts
  • Alopecia
  • Inflammation
  • Puritis
  • Furunculosis/deep pyoderma
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15
Q

Outline the main tick species in the UK.

A

Ixodes spp.

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16
Q

Outline the causes of blowfly strike

A

Cutaneous myiasis

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17
Q

Outline the clinical signs seen with an infestation of Culicoides spp.

A

Hypersensitivity- sweet itch in horses - puritis along crest of neck, tail base and face.

They also are vecrotrs for BTV in sheep and cattle.

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18
Q

Outline the causative agent of poultry red mite.

A

Dermanyssus gallinae

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Dermanyssus gallinae

A

Irritation, feather loss and debilitation.

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20
Q

Outline what is meant by the term surface pyoderma.

Give examples.

A

Where bacteria multiply on skin surface only

  1. Canine intertrigo (skin fold pyoderma)
  2. Acute moist dermatitis (hotspots)
  3. Bacterial overgrowth syndrome - bacterial multiplication with no/minimal inflammation- often highlly puritic
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21
Q

Outline what is meant by the term superficial pyoderma.

Give examples.

A

Infection within the epidermis or hair follicle
Evidenced by papules, pustules, crust, sclae and alopecia. Primarily neurtophilic inflammation.

Examples:
* Bacterial folliculitis
* Impetigo - interfollicular infection of epidermis.
* Exfoliative superficial pyoderma - infection between layers of stratum corneum.
* Dermatophilosis
* Fleece rot - pseudomonas
* Greasy pig disease - staph hyicus

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22
Q

Outline what is meant by the term deep pyoderma.

A

Infection outside the epidermis due to:
* Rupture of hair follicle wall (furunculosis)
* Penetrating wounds
* Haematogenous spread

Associated with thickening of skin

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23
Q

Give examples of deep pyoderma

A
  • Furunculosis
  • Absecess
  • Cellulitis
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24
Q

Outline a treatment for a rabbit abcess.

A

Surgically remove and give antibiotics - Trimethroprim-Sufadiazine

Can’t lance! As rabbits have caseous pus.

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25
Q

Outline what is meant by the term bacterial granulomatous dermatitis.

Give examples.

A

Caused by traumatic implantation of saprophytic organisms.

  • Mycobacterial (pyo)granulomas
  • Non-filamentous bacterial graulomas
  • Filamentous bacterial granulomas.
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26
Q

Identify causative agents of non-filamentous bacterial granulomas.

A

Staphylococci, Streptococci, Actinobacillus

Lesions contain small yellow granules.

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27
Q

Identify causative agents of filamentous bacterial granulomas.

A

Nocardia, Actinomyces

Nodular masses which may involve bone.

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28
Q

What are: Skin lesions secondary to systemic bacterial infections /
infections with toxin-producing bacteria

Give examples.

A
  • Systemic bacterial infections - vascular damage of the skin leading to necrosis.
    For example erysipelas

Or

  • Infection with a toxin-producting bacteria (Rare)
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29
Q

What diagnostic tools could you use to investigate bacterial skin disease?

A

Cytology

Culture (and sensitivity)

Histopathology

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30
Q

Identify this skin disease.

A

Acute moist dermatitis

Surface pyoderma

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31
Q

Identify this skin disease.

A

Bacterial folliculitis

Superficial pyoderma

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32
Q

Identify this skin disease.

A

Bacterial folliculitis

Superficial pyoderma

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33
Q

Identify this skin disease

A

Canine deep pyoderma with furunculosis

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34
Q

Identify common presentations of dermataphytosis.

A
  • Folliculitis - well demarcated allopecia
  • Adherent scale
  • Crust
  • Asymmetric at outset
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35
Q

Identify uncommon presentations of dermataphytosis.

A
  • Furunculosis
  • Fungal kerion - a nodular inflammatory mass due to inoculation of fungus into dermis.
  • Pseudomycetoma
  • Onychomycosis - claw disease
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36
Q

Identify common diagnostic methods for M.Canis

A
  • Dicrect examination
  • Wood’s lamp
  • Fungal culture
  • Fungal PCR
  • Histopathology
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37
Q

Identify common clinical signs of malassezia.

A
  • Erythema, grease, scale, crust → chronic changes (lichenification, hyperpigmentation)
  • Often malodourous
  • Focal/multifocal/generalised
  • Diffuse/well-demarcated
  • Commonly affected areas ears, lips, muzzle, interdigital skin, flexor surfaces/medial aspects of limbs, ventral neck/body, axillae, perineum
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38
Q

Identify diagnostic methods for malassezia

A
  • Cytology
  • Acetate tape strip
  • Impression smear
  • x100 oil immersion
  • Response to therapy
39
Q

Identify the condition and the casuative agent.

A

Onychomycosis

Dermataphytosis

40
Q

Identify the condition and the casuative agent.

A

Fungal kerion

Dermataphytosis

41
Q

Identify the causative agent.

A

Malassezia

42
Q

List common viral skin diseases.

A
  • Papilloma virus - BPV, EPV and CPV
  • Pox viruses - cow pox, horse pox, myxomatosis
  • Parapoxviruses - CPD (Orf)
  • Pestivirus
43
Q

Outline common apperances of viral diseases

A

Macules, papules, vesicles, crusts, pustules

44
Q

Outline diagnostic techniques for viral disease.

A

PCR
Histopathology
ELISA

45
Q

Ouline the main protozoal skin disease and diagnostic methods.

A

Leishmaniasis- wide range of skin and systemic signs

Aspirates, PCR and biopsy.

46
Q

Outline the common causes of allergic skin disease.

A
  • Enviromental allergens
  • Foods
  • Ectoparasites
  • Contact allergens
  • Micro-organisms
  • Drugs
47
Q

What is the immunological basis for drug reactions?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity mostly.

Drug reactions may be any type.

48
Q

Outline how type 1 hypersensitivity causes puritis.

A

Mast cell mediators, cytokines, IL-31 bind to nerve endings causing puritis.

49
Q

Outline the clinical features of enviromental atopic dermatitis.

Dogs

A
  • Age of onset 0.5 to 3 years old
  • Chronic relapsing puritic dermatitis
  • Responsive to glucocorticoids
  • Initially erthema/papules before self induced alopecia (chronic changes)
50
Q

Outline the clinical features of food-induced atopic dermatitis.

Dogs

A
  • Age of onset any, however, 50% of cases in dogs happen under 1 year old.
  • Variable response to glucocorticoids
  • May have GI signs
  • May have increased malassezia
  • Non-seasonal
51
Q

Describe feline atopic skin syndrome (FASS)

A
  • Inflammatory/puritic skin, liekly associated with IgE
  • 0.5-5 years onset.
  • Seasonal or non seasonal
  • Presents with one or more of the four cutaneous reaction patterns
52
Q

Describe feline food allergy (FFA)

A
  • Any age
  • Non-seasonal
  • May have GI signs, conjunctivitis and respiratory signs.
  • Presensts with one or more of the four cutaneous reation patterns.
53
Q

Describe equine atopic dermatitis

A
  • Age of onset commonly 1.5-6 years old
  • Seasonal or non-seasonal
  • Often co-exists with insect bite hypersensitivity
54
Q

Outline the clinical signs of equine atopic dermatitis

A
  • Pruritus +/or urticaria (odematous nodules/wheels)
  • Sometimes nodules (eosinophilic granulomas)
  • Lesion distribution poorly-defined generalised/localised lesions
55
Q

Outline the two types of contact dermatitis and their physiological causes.

A

Contact irritant dermatitis
* Due to irritant nature of substance (not hypersensitivity).
* Will affect multiple animals - i.e. the chemicals used to clean the floor.

Contact hypersensitivity
* Type IV hypersenstivity

56
Q

Describe contact hypersensitivity.

A

Sensitisation occurs over a prolonged period to plants, topical drugs, shampoos and other materials. Then causes a sensitivity reaction.

57
Q

Explain why pemphigus foliaceus appears like this:

A

Pustules rapidly develop into crusts leaving erosions.

Antibodies attack keratinocytes causing this auto-immune reaction.

58
Q

Explain why facial cutaneous lupus erythematosus appears like this.

A

T-cells attack the epithelium causing ulceration and depigmentation.

59
Q

Explain why vitiligo appears like this.

A

Antibodies and T-cells attack melanocytes. As there are fewer melanocytes, there is less inflammation and virtually no crusting.

60
Q

List the targets in auto-immune skin disease.

A
  • Isthmus of hair follicle
  • Hair bulb
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Dermal blood vessels
  • Collagen VII
61
Q

Outline why sebaceous adenitis appears like this.

A

T-cells attack and destroy sebaceuos gland. As a result, no oil is produced so the hair cant slide out.

62
Q

Outline how auto-immune vasculitis is caused.

A

Antibodys attack immune complexes lodged in the vascular wall. This causes death of the blood vessel, preventing oxygen sypply to an area. As a result, tissue necrosis.

63
Q

Outline what happens in panniculitis.

A

Soft-fluctuating nodules rupture do to an unknown immunological attack.

64
Q

Outline diagnostic methods for autoimmune dieases.

A

Conformational
* Cytology
* Biopsy of typical lesions
* Routine bloods

Exclusion
* History taking - speed of onset, first lesions
* Skin scrapes
* Cultures
* Test treatment

65
Q

Outline interface dermatitis

A

Inflammation at interface between dermis and epidermis.

Associated with immune-mediated disease

66
Q

On histopathology you examine this.

What is your diagnosis, why?

A

Vasculitis.

Basophilic inflammatory cells surround blood vessel.

67
Q

Interperate this histology section

A

Nodular (granulomatous) dermatitis.

Caused by fungus

68
Q

What condition does this diagram represent?

A

Intraepidermal vesicular/pustular dematitis.

69
Q

What condition does this diagram represent?

A

Panniculitis - inflammation of subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Multiple causes:
* Infectious agents
* Vasculitis
* Foreign body
* Pancreatic disease
* Trauma

70
Q

What does this histological section indicate.

A

Atrophic dermatosis

71
Q

What is a papule?

A

A small solid elevation of skin (often erythematous).

Less than 1 cm in diameter

72
Q

What is a pustule?

A

A small (less than a centimetre) skin elevation filled with puss.

73
Q

What are common causes of pustules and papules?

A
  • Infections
  • Ectoparasites
  • Hypersensitivities
  • Auto-immune diesase
74
Q

Identify this lesion.

A

Papule

75
Q

Identify this lesion.

A

Pustule

76
Q

What are scale?

A

Rafts of immature keratinocytes which accumulate at the skin surface.

Caused by increased or disrupted epidermal turnover.

77
Q

What is crust?

A

When exudates dry on the skin surface.

78
Q

Identify which of the following are primary or secondary lesions:

Pustules, papules, scale, crust.

A

Primary
Pustules, Papules,

Secondary
scale, crust.

79
Q

Outline common causes of scale and crust.

A
  • Infection
  • Parasites
80
Q

Identify this lesion

A

Crust

81
Q

Identify this lesion.

A

Scale

82
Q

List the major causes of alopecia

A
  • Congenital
  • Hair follicle inflammation
  • Hair cycle abnormality
  • Hair morphological abnormalities
83
Q

List the major dermatological causes of skin lumps.

9

A
  • Abscess/cellulitis
  • Furunculosis
  • Bacterial granulomas
  • Deep fungal granuloma
  • Urticaria
  • Seroma
  • Haematoma
  • Neoplasm
  • Cysts
84
Q

What are the differences between emolients and moisturisers?

A

Emollients: soften, sooth, lubricate and trap water in (vaseline).

Moisturisers increase the water content of the stratum corneum.

85
Q

What do antiseborrhoeic agents do?

A

Reduce epithelial turnover
Restore normal epidermal keratinisation.

86
Q

How does oclacitinib work?

A

Blocks the JAK-1 pathway

87
Q

How does lokivetmab work?

A

Monoclonal antibody targets IL-31. Good antipruritic, but little anti-inflammatory action

88
Q

How does ciclosporin work?

A

Inhibits the activation of T-lymphocytes on antigenic stimulation by impairing the production of IL-2 and other T-cell derived cytokines

89
Q

Outline what neonicotinoids target

Give an example of a drug in this class.

A

These are nACh receptor agonists that target fleas and lice.

Imidacloprid - Dogs, cats and rabbits

90
Q

Outline how organophosphates work, their targets and give an example.

A

Inactivates AChE.

Flys, ticks, keys, lice and scab.

Diazinon - sheep

91
Q

Outline how phenylpyrazoles work, their targets and give an example.

A

Blocks GABA gated chloride channels in the CNS of targets.

Fleas and Ticks

Fipronil

NOT for use in RABBITS

92
Q

Outline how isoxazolines work, their targets and give an example.

A

They bind to GABA and glutamate gated chloride channels in the CNS of targets.

Fleas, ticks, Demodex, Sarcoptic mange.

Fluralaner, afoxolaner and sarolaner

Dogs, cats and chickens!

93
Q

Outline how macrolytic lactones work, their targets and examples of drugs.

A

GABA agonist (flaccid paralysis)

Mites and Lice

Ivermectin
Doramectin
Eprinomectin
Selamectin

SA, LA and Exotics

94
Q

Outline how pyrethroids work, their targets and an example of a drug in this class.

A

Pyrethroids prevent the closure of the para-sodium channel blocking synaptic transmission causing flaccid paralysis.

Flys, ticks and lice.

Cypermethrin, permethrin

FCP (14 decks)

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