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Nutriton > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Does finely-ground mineral supplement or coarsley ground/granular mineral supplement increase bioavailability? Why?

A

Finely ground bc the more surface area of the finely ground supplement will allow for better absorption in the intestine.

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2
Q

two functions attributed to Ca

A

bone growth
muscle contraction

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3
Q

two functions attributed to Phosphorus

A

cell membranes (phospholipids)
energy production (ATP)

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4
Q

explain the relationship between phosphorous safety factors and eutrophication

A

feeding livestock high amounts of phosphorus will increase the amount of P in their waste. If their waste reaches a water source (river or lake) it can cause eutrophication which can damage the wildlife population and cause overgrowth of algae

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5
Q

describe, in detail, how the blood concentration of Ca is regulated

A

If Ca concentration in the blood is too high it is regulated by Calcitonin which DECREASES the amount of Ca in blood by increasing Ca deposition in bone but also decreasing absorption from urine and decreases uptake from intestine

If Ca concentration in the blood is too low, it is regulated by parathyroid hormone which INCREASES the amount of Ca in blood by enhancing Ca release from bones, enhance reabsorption in kidneys, and stimulates production of vitamin D.

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6
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Hypothyroidism

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7
Q

Sodium deficiency

A

Pica

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8
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

Erosion of skin and fins on fish

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9
Q

Chloride deficiency

A

Alkalosis

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10
Q

Copper deficiency

A

Equine Degenerative myeloencephalopathy

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11
Q

Magnesium deficiency

A

Grass tetany

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12
Q

Calcium deficiency

A

Osteoporosis

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13
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Anemia

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14
Q

Sulfur toxicity

A

polioencephalomalacia

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15
Q

Sodium toxicity

A

Seizures and paralysis

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16
Q

Iodine toxicity

A

hyperthyroidism

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17
Q

Cobalt function

A

needed for gluconeogenesis (propionate -> succinate)

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18
Q

Iodine function

A

component of thyroid hormones

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19
Q

Chloride function

A

needed for the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin in the stomach

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20
Q

Sodium function

A

principle inorganic cation of extracellular fluid

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21
Q

Chromium function

A

work as cofactor for hormone insulin

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22
Q

Potassium function

A

found primarily inside body cells and involves in osmotic regulation

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23
Q

Iron function

A

component of hemoglobin in RBC

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24
Q

Sulfur function

A

Component of the amino acid methionine

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25
Q

Selenium function

A

component of the antioxidant enzyme thioredoxin reductase

26
Q

Copper function

A

structural component of the enzyme ceruloplasmin

27
Q

mineral that is low in concentration in sow milk and must be administered to piglets

A

iron

28
Q

two fat-soluble vitamins involved in skeletal growth and connective tissue formation

A

Vitamin D, Vitamin A

29
Q

explain the relationship between magnesium, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D

A
  • magnesium is necessary for PTH to function
  • vitamin D helps to facilitate the use of Ca and P which can trigger the release or uptake of PTH
30
Q

T or F: Vitamin C is NOT involved in iron absorption?

A

FALSE

31
Q

one fat soluble vitamin involved with antioxidant properties

A

vitamin A

32
Q

one water-soluble vitamin involved with antioxidant properties

A

riboflavin (B2)

33
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

rickets

34
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

muscle degeneration and anemia

35
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

unchecked internal hemorrhages

36
Q

Vitamin A deficiencies

A

night blindness

37
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

scurvy

38
Q

Niacin/ B3 deficiency

A

pellagra

39
Q

Pantothenic acid/B5 deficiency

A

goose-stepping

40
Q

name two water soluble vitamins involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids

A

B12 and B6

41
Q

Name two B vitamins that contain sulfur as their structural component

A

B1 (Thiamin), B7 (Biotin)

42
Q

two factors that may interfere with the vitamin needs of livestock

A
  • environmental stress leading to strain and not eating
  • differing bioavailability in feedstuffs
43
Q

two B vitmains involved in the synthesis of amino acid methionine

A

B12 and B9

44
Q

the most active form of vitamin D

A

Calcitriol (1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D)

45
Q

white muscle disease is a result of what deficiency?

A

selenium and vitamin E

46
Q

general advantages of adopting an early weaning strategy for lambs

A

puts more weight on lambs early on
takes stress off of the mother, especially if she has twins

47
Q

explain why a nutrient deficient diet in the last third of ewe’s gestation may affect the survivability and development of neonate lambs

A

most of the growth of the neonate is done during the last third of the ewe’s pregnancy. This is the most demanding period and requires a higher energy dense diet because ewe’s are more likely to fall into a negative energy balance during this time. This may effect the growth of the lambs because they will not receive the nutrients they need and can negatively impact development

48
Q

the sulfur amino acid directly involved with wool production

A

methionine

49
Q

would you recommend a flushing diet to ewes with a BCS of 2?

A

yes because a BCS of 2 is on the lower side of the score so flushing can help to improve their reproductive performance.

50
Q

mineral that is TOXIC to sheep

A

copper

51
Q

when in the gestation cycle are ewes more susceptible to pregnancy toxemia?

A

late gestation

52
Q

when is peak milk production in sheep?

A

first 2-4 weeks postpartum

53
Q

explain the physiological/hormonal mechanism associated with anestrous in goats

A

light causes melatonin secretion to be lowered. With less amount of light (shorter days) there is a stimulation to release GnRH which stimulates the release of FSH and LH. These hormones release reproductive hormones such as estrous, which is why the breeding season for goats is during autumn/winter when the days are shorter.

54
Q

what is the major nutritional goal of creep feeding goat kids?

A

creep feeding can help to put weight on the kids so they can develop faster as well as increase butyrate production

55
Q

what is the activity lvl of goats w/ feeding in: intensive management

A

LOW ACTIVITY

56
Q

what is the activity lvl of goats w/ feeding in: semiarid rangeland and hilly pastures

A

MEDIUM ACTIVITY

57
Q

what is the activity lvl of goats w/ feeding in: arid rangeland, sparse vegetation, mountainous

A

HIGH ACTIVITY

58
Q

activity lvl of goats w/ feeding in: stable feeding conditions

A

minimum activity

59
Q

two nutritional advantages as a result of goats browsing behavior

A

more variety in their diets means more of their needs can be met by browsing
by ingesting leaves and twigs, they obtain higher levels of protein and phosphorous

60
Q

one vitamin involved in gluconeogenesis

A

biotin

61
Q

what nutritional management strategy would you recommend to reduce the incidence of ketosis/pregnancy toxemia in goats?

A

feeding a concentrate and maintaining a BCS of 3.5 during the late gestation period which is when they can develop ketosis/pregnancy toxemia

Nutriton (9 decks)

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