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Haematology > haematology formative > Flashcards

haematology formative Flashcards

1
Q

what is the direct coomb’s test

A

used to detect antibodies attached to the surface of RBC

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2
Q

when would you use the direct coombs test

A

autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
rhesus compatability
acute haemolytic reaction
sickle cell

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3
Q

what is haemoglobin analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) used for

A

used to identify the different types of haemoglobin present in the blood
- thalassaemias

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4
Q

microcytic anaemia found at antenatal clinic- investigation?

A

HPLC of hb to look for thalassaemia

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5
Q

normal or low hb, raised WCC, normal or low platelet count

A

chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

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6
Q

key investigation for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

A

Immunophenotyping by flow-cytometry
- looks for antigens on the WBC

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7
Q

what is osmotic fragility test used for

A

hereditary spherocytosis and thalassaemia

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8
Q

causes of hereditary thrombophilias

A

factor V leiden- most common
prothrombin 202010 mutation
antithrombin deficiency
protein C deficiency
protein S deficiency

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9
Q

aetiology of sickle cell anaemia

A

point mutation in codon 6 of the beta globin gene that substitutes glutamine to valine

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10
Q

defintion of sickle syndromes

A

group of genetic disorders that affect the structure of haemoglobin
resulting in the production of HbS

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11
Q

what is myelodysplasia

A

acquired DNA mutations in haematopoietic stem cells
immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature to become healthy blood cells

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12
Q

definition of thalassaemia

A

autosomal recessive inherited disorders of haemoglobin causing reduced globin chain synthesis, resulting in impaired haemoglobin production

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13
Q

definition of hereditary spherocytosis

A

mutation in one of the structural red cell membrane proteins resulting in reduced red cell deformability and so membrane is removed in spleen and reduced red cell survival

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14
Q

where is vitamin K absorbed

A

upper intestine
- require bile salts for absorption

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15
Q

what factors are carboxylated by vit K

A

factors II, VII, IX, and X

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16
Q

causes of vit K deficiency

A

poor dietary intake
malabsorption
obstructive jaundice
vit k antagonists (warfarin)
haemorrhagic disease of the newborn

17
Q

mechanism of action of clopidogrel

A

selectively inhibits the binding of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to its platelet receptor and the subsequent ADP-mediated activation of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex
= inhibiting platelet aggregation
basically is a ADP antagonist

18
Q

aspirin mechanism of action

A

Inhibits cyclo-oxygenase which is necessary to produce thromboxane A2 (a platelet agonist released from granules on activation)

19
Q

mechanism of action of dipyridamole

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor - increases production of cAMP which inhibits platelet aggregation

20
Q

mechanism of action of heparin

A

potentiates antithrombin

21
Q

mechanism of action of warfarin

A

inhibition of vit K
factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX and X (+protein C and S) require vit k for final carboxylation step essential for function

22
Q

mechanism of action of riveroxiban

A

competitively inhibits factor Xa
factor Xa along with factor Va for the prothrombinase complex which converts prothrombin to thrombin

23
Q

low Hb, platelets, neutrophils but high WCC and auer rods

A

acute myeloid leukaemia

24
Q

mechanism of action of rituximab

A

complement-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
targets CD20

25
Q

mechanism of action of Imatinib

A

inhibits the enzyme activity of bcr-abl (?)

26
Q

what does an isolated prolonged partial thromboplsatin time mean

A

deficiency of factors involved in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation or presence of anti-phospholipid antibody
- VIII/IXa

27
Q

what does an isolated prolonged prothrombin time reflect

A

deficiency of factors involved in the extrinsic pathway but not common
= factor VII

28
Q

uncontrolled production of essentially normally functioning blood cells

A

polycythaemia vera

29
Q

uncontrolled production of immature blood cells in the bone marrow

A

acute myeloid leukaemia

30
Q

clonal B cell disorder usually resulting in a large number of circulating malignant cells

A

chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

31
Q

fever but no haemolysis post transfusion

A

febrile non-haemolytic transfusion reaction

32
Q

first line treatment of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

A

steroids- prednisolone
folic acid

33
Q

features of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

A

anaemia
reticulocytosis
low haptoglobin
raised LDH
spherocytes and reticulocytes

34
Q

management of chemo inducing pancytopenia

A

red cell transfusion

35
Q

red cells that have lost central pallor

A

spherocytes

Haematology (19 decks)

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