13.2 Hormones and Sexual Development of the Body Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 13.2 Hormones and Sexual Development of the Body Deck (35)
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1
Q

Do the chromosomes cause male and female differentiation entirely?

A

no, there are several other factors to consider, and males only develop when female program for development has been overruled

2
Q

what are primordial gonads

A

the gonad structure at 6 weeks were there is no difference between males and females
- composed of an other covering (cortex) and an. internal core (medulla)

3
Q

what aspect of primordial gonads can develop into an ovary

A

the Cortex

4
Q

what aspect of primordial gonads can develop into a testis

A

the medulla

5
Q

what occurs in the 7th week after conception in males

A

the Sry gene on the Y chromosome synthesizes the sry protein which causes the medulla of each primordial goad to grow into a thesis

6
Q

what happens in the absence of Sry proteins

A

cortical cells grow into ovaries

7
Q

What occurs if we inject Sry protein into the female fetus at 6 weeks

A

genetic female with testis

8
Q

what occurs if we use drugs that bloc the effects of Sry on a male fetus

A

genetic Male with ovaries

9
Q

what do we call individuals who are genetically one sex, but display the gonads of the other?

A

intersex

10
Q

what do both males and females have at 6 weeks

A

wolffiann system and mullerian system

11
Q

what is the wolffian system

A

capacity to dev into male reproductive ducts such has the seminal vesicles and the vas deference

12
Q

what is the mullerian system

A

capacity to develop into female ducts ,such as the uterus, the upper part of the vagina, the Fallopian tubes

13
Q

what occurs during the third month of male fetal development?

A

the testes secrete testosterone and mullerian-inhibitig substance

14
Q

what does testosterone do in the third month of male fetal development

A

stimulates the development of the wolffian system

15
Q

what does mullerian-inhibiting substance do in the third month of male fetal dev

A

causes the mullerian system to degenerate, and the testes to descend into the scrotum

16
Q

what occurs to females injected with testosterone during the third month develop?

A

male reproductive tracts alongside the female ones

17
Q

does the development of the mullerian system rely onn ovarian hormones?

A

no, ovaries are almost entirely inactive during fetal dev.

the mullein system with develop in any fetus not exposed to testicular hormones during the critical periods

18
Q

what occurs to ovariectomized female fetuses?

A

develop mullerian ducts

19
Q

what occurs orchidectomized male fetuses?

A

develop mullerian ducts

20
Q

what is the difference between ovariectomy, orchidectomy and gonadechtomy?

A

ovariectomy is removal of ovaries
orchidectomy is removal of testes
gonadectomy (castration) is the surgical removal of gonads, either ovaries or testes

21
Q

what is a major difference between the development of internal and expternal reproductive organs?

what do we call the relevant aspect of the external genitals

A

internal are differentiated between two precursor systems (wolffian and mullerian)

  • external genitals are developed from the same precursor (biopotential precursor)
22
Q

what are the four parts of the biopotential precursor at the end of the second month of pregnancy

A

glans, urethral folds, lateral bodies and labioscrotal swellings

23
Q

what does the glans differentiate into in males and females

A

head of the penis for clitoris

24
Q

what do the urethral folds differentiate into in males and females

A

fuse in the male, enlarge in the female to become the labia minora

25
Q

what do the lateral bodies differentiate into in males and females

A

the shaft of the penis In the dude

the hood of the clitoris

26
Q

what do the labioscrottal swellings form in males and females?

A

the scrotum

labia majora

27
Q

what controls the development of the external genitals?

A

the presence or absence of testosterone

  • if present at the appropriate stage, male genitals develop from the precursor
  • if not, female
28
Q

what is characteristic of children’s sex characteristics (3)

A

low levels of circulating gonadal hormones
immature reproductive organs
little general appearance differences

29
Q

what is puberty

A

the transitional period between childhood and adulthood during which fertility is achieved, the adolescent growth spurt occurs, and the secondary sex characteristics develop

30
Q

what action in the anterior pituitary is associated with puberty (2)

A

increase of release

  • growth hormone acts directly on obese and muscle tissue (only hormone that doesn’t act on another gland)
  • gonadotropic hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
31
Q

what does the release of gonadptrnopic hormone and ACTH cause?

A

cause the gonads and adrenal Cortez to increase their release of gonadal and adrenal hormones which initiates the maturation of the genitals and the development of secondary sex characterisitcs

32
Q

what is the general principle guiding typical pubertal sexual maturation?

A

in pubertal males, androgen levels are greater than estrogen levels and tf masculatio
I pubertal females, estrogens are dominant, and therefore feminization

33
Q

what occurs to individuals castrated prior to puberty?

A

do not become sexually mature unless they receive replacement injections of androgens or estrogens

34
Q

what is androstenedione

A

an androgen that is released primarily by the. adrenal cortex
- typically responsible for the growth of pubic hair and axillary hair in females

35
Q

why does androstenedione critique the men are men assumption

A

bec androstenedione is an androgen that controls for female development