Ch.27 Mastering Biology questions Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is unique to animals?
A. flagellated gametes
B. the structural carbohydrate, chitin
C. heterotrophy
D. cells that have mitochondria
E. nervous conduction and muscular movement

A

E. nervous conduction and muscular movement

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2
Q

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian?
A. gastrovascular cavity cell
B. choanocyte
c. amoebocyte
D. epidermal cell

A

B. choanocyte
specialized cells that generate water currents and trap food particles with their flagella and microvilli

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3
Q

Sponges are most accurately described as
A. marine predators.
B. filter feeders.
C. aquatic predators.
D. freshwater scavengers.
E. chemoautotrophs.

A

B. filter feeders.

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4
Q

Which of the following is true of members of the phylum Cnidaria?
A. They are primarily filter feeders.
B. They are the simplest organisms with a complete alimentary canal (two openings).
C. They coordinate movements through a noncentralized nerve set.
D. They are not capable of locomotion because they lack true muscle tissue.

A

C. They coordinate movements through a noncentralized nerve set.

Cnidarians have a nerve net, which is a diffuse network of nerve cells that allows them to detect and respond to stimuli, but they lack a centralized brain or nervous system.

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5
Q

Which of the following functions as both a mouth and an anus in members of the phylum Cnidaria?

A. nematocysts
B. a gastrovascular cavity
C. a noncentralized nerve net
D. an alimentary canal

A

B. a gastrovascular cavity
They have a sac-like body cavity called the gastrovascular cavity, which serves both as a digestive and circulatory system.

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6
Q

The earliest ancestors of about half of all extant animal phyla can be traced back to the __________ explosion.

A. Pleistocene
B. Carboniferous
C. Cambrian
D. Jurassic
E. Devonian

A

C. Cambrian

Before the Cambrian explosion, the fossil record contains mainly soft-bodied organisms such as bacteria, algae, and simple multicellular organisms. However, during the Cambrian explosion, there was a rapid diversification of animal body plans, including the emergence of bilateral symmetry, hard exoskeletons, complex sensory organs, and other innovations that have persisted in various forms throughout animal evolution.

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7
Q

Which of the following clades contains the greatest number of animal species?
A. the insects
B. the vertebrates
C. the deuterostomes
D. the bilaterians

A

D. the bilaterians

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8
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals?

A. They are eukaryotes.
B. They ingest their food.
C. They are multicellular.
D. They have tissues, organs, and organ systems.
E. They are heterotrophic.

A

D. They have tissues, organs, and organ systems.

While most animals have specialized tissues that form organs and organ systems, there are some animals that do not have these structures.

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9
Q

An important trend in animal evolution was cephalization or the development of a “head.” An animal is said to show cephalization when it __________.

A. has an aggregation of sensory structures at the anterior end
B. has tissue specialization
C. is large
D. has bilateral symmetry
E. has a hard, outer covering

A

A. has an aggregation of sensory structures at the anterior end

Cephalization is an evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment at the anterior end. It is associated with bilateral symmetry.

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10
Q

What is the key difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom?

A. A coelom is a true body cavity, whereas a pseudocoelom is a false coelom that is not fully functional.
B. Only a coelom is fully lined with mesoderm tissue.
C. Pseudocoeloms arose early in animal evolution and evolved into coeloms.

A

B. Only a coelom is fully lined with mesoderm tissue.

the key difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom is that a coelom is a true body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm, while a pseudocoelom is a false body cavity partially lined with mesoderm and often also lined with endodermal tissue.

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11
Q

What do all craniates have that earlier chordates did not have?

A. brain
B. partial or complete skull
C. vertebrae
D. bones
E. cartilaginous pipe surrounding notochord

A

B. partial or complete skull

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12
Q

Which of the following are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates?

A. amphibians
B. birds
C. ray-finned fishes
D. mammals

A

C. ray-finned fishes

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13
Q

Which of the following chordate groups include(s) humans?

A. Amniotes
B. Hominins
C. Gnathostomes
D. All of the them

A

All of them

Amniotes - embryo that is protected by an amniotic sac.

Hominins- bipedal stance, large brains, and reduced canine teeth. Humans are the only extant species within the hominin group.

Gnathostomes - jaws.

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14
Q

Which group’s members have had both lungs and gills during their adult lives?
A. lancelets
B. bivalves
C. lungfishes
D. sharks, skates, and rays

A

C. lungfishes

Lungfishes are characterized by their ability to breathe air using their lungs, in addition to the use of gills to extract oxygen from water.

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15
Q

Which of the following groups contains members most closely associated with a wet or moist environment?

A. amphibians
B. pterosaurs
C. dinosaurs
D. mammals
E. birds

A

A. amphibians

Amphibians typically have water-permeable skin that does not easily resist drying. Thus, amphibians tend to be found in moist environments.

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16
Q

Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?
A. a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates
B. an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins
C. an armored gnathostome with two pairs of appendages
D. a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fish

A

A. a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates

“tetrapod” means “four feet” and refers to the fact that tetrapods have four limbs that support their body weight and facilitate movement on land.

17
Q

Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific).
1. lobe-fins
2. amphibians
3. gnathostomes
4. osteichthyans
5. tetrapods

A

3, 4, 1, 5, 2

Gnathostomes (JAWS)
Osteichthyans (BONY FISH)
Lobe-fins (FLESHY FINS)
Tetrapods (FoUR LEGS)
Amphibians (COLD BLoDeD)

18
Q

There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their __________.

A. presence or absence of hair
B. habitat
C. method of locomotion
D. size
E. method of reproduction

A

E. method of reproduction

19
Q

Which of these are amniotes?

A. placental mammals only
B. fishes
C. all mammals
D. amphibians
E. egg-laying mammals only

A

C. all mammals

20
Q

Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough?
A. It provides insulation to conserve heat.
B. It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment.
C. It has a shell that increases gas exchange.
D. It permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.
E. It prolongs embryonic development.

A

B. It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment.

21
Q

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?

A. a four-chambered heart
B. bony scales
C. two pairs of appendages
D. the shelled, amniotic egg
E. the ability to maintain a constant body temperature

A

D. the shelled, amniotic egg

(allowed reproduction on land)