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Biology 101 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most effective way to stop viral infections?
a. anti-viral drugs
b. vaccines
c. antibiotics
d. staying worm in the winter

A

b. vaccines

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2
Q

Which of the following characteristics determine the host range for most animal viruses?
a. The enzymes carried by the virus
b. The proteins in the host cytoplasm
c. The proteins on the viral surface or envelope and the host receptors proteins
d. Whether the nucleic aids are DNA or RNA in the virion

A

c. The proteins on the viral surface or envelope and the host receptors proteins

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3
Q

People who have herpes virus- mediated cold score or genital sore may have flare ups for the rest of their life…why does this occur?
a. There can be co-infection with an nucleated virus that cause the same symptoms.
b. There can be mutation in the human host cell and suppression of the virus doesn’t occur.
c. The virus increases in pathogenicity over time in the host.
d. There are copies of the virus’s genome remaining as in some host cell.

A

d. There are copies of the virus’s genome remaining as in some host cell.

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4
Q

According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells how did mitochondria originate?
a. From infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions.
b. From engulfed originally free-living aerobic bacteria.
c. From the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes
d. When a protoeukaryotes engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protocell

A

b. From engulfed originally free-living aerobic bacteria.

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5
Q

Select the correct statement about photosynthesis by primary producers.
a. Only land-based plants carry out the world
s photosynthesis.
b. Photosynthesis protists and prokaryotes carry out the majority of the photosynthesis in aquatic communities.
c. Cyanobacteria carry out more of the world photosynthesis than plants do.
d. Paramecium and amoeboid protists are responsible for most of the photosynthesis in lake and streams.

A

b. Photosynthesis protists and prokaryotes carry out the majority of the photosynthesis in aquatic communities.

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6
Q

Why can prokaryotic population be magnitudes larger than population of multicellular eukaryotes?
i. Prokaryotes are small
ii. Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fussion
iii. Prokaryotes often have short generation time
iv. Prokaryotes have cells walls primarily made of cellulose.

a. I and III
b. II, III, IV
c. I, II, III
d. III and IV

A

c. I, II, III

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7
Q

Which of the following is likely the greatest impact that organisms have ever hand on earth?
a. Earyl cyanobacteria released carbon dioxide to earth atmosphere during the water spitting step of photosynthesis
b. Earyl cyanobacteria released oxygen to earth atmosphere during the water spitting step of photosynthesis.
c. Early cyanobacteria released nitrogen to earth atmosphere during the water spitting step spitting step of photosynthesis.
d. Earyl cyanobacteria released hydrogen to earth atmosphere during the water spitting step of photosynthesis.

A

b. Earyl cyanobacteria released oxygen to earth atmosphere during the water spitting step of photosynthesis.

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8
Q

Bean plants, like peas and soybeans, benefit from nitrogen faced from the atmosphere due to a symbiotic relationship with ______ bacteria.
a. E. Coli
b. Heliobacteria pylori
c. Rhizobium
d. Clostridium

A

c. Rhizobium

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9
Q

Gram-postive bacteria__________.
a. Have a thicker layer of peptidolgylcan in their cell than gram-negative bacteria.
b. Have cell wells made of chitin
c. Have lipopolysaccarides in their cell wall whereas gram postive have cellulose.
d. Have an outer layer called a capsule whereas gram negative lack it.

A

a. Have a thicker layer of peptidoglycan in their cell than gram-negative bacteria.

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10
Q

A group of Protista known as _______, literally live in glass- houses comprised of two glass shells known as Testa and are important in marine and aquatic ecosystems as phytoplankton.
a. Plasmodium
b. Amoeba
c. Paramecium
d. Diatoms

A

d. Diatoms

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11
Q

In the mid-1800, the Protista water mold, Phytophthora infectants, in the Oomycetes group was responsible for-
a. An outbreak of AIDS in New York city
b. The Irish Potato Famine
c. The measle outbreak in native AMericans
d. Bubonic plague in medieval Europe.

A

b. The Irish Potato Famine

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12
Q

Characteristics of Eukaryotic cells like thoose found in Protista are-
a. Linear DNA on the nculeoid, a pasule and cell wall contating peptidoglycan.
b. Circular DNA in a nucleus, no mitchondria, chloroplast
c. A nucleoid, no membrane bounds or organelles
c. Linear DNA in a nucleus, circular in mitochondria, and the cytoskeleton

A

c. Linear DNA in a nucleus, circular in mitochondria, and the cytoskeleton

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13
Q

The parasitic Protista, ______ which is the casual agent for malaria, infects more humans on a world-wide basis due to it being transmitted or spreads by vector group of mosquitoes.
a. Amoba histoluctica
b. Paramecium sp.
c. Plasmodium sp.
d. Volvox sp.

A

c. Plasmodium sp.

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14
Q

Phagocytosis which is exhibited by Protista such as amebae and paramecium is involved in.
a. The taking in of food and forming a food vacuole which will fuse with a digestive vesicle.
b. Forming a hard shell, cyst, to survive adverse climate changes.
c. A method of self defense
d. A form of sexual reproduction

A

a. The taking in of food and forming a food vacuole which will fuse with a digestive vesicle

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15
Q

Fungi obtain their food for releasing_____ into the substate they are living in and absorbing a liquid diet.
a. Antibiotics
b. Exoenzymes
c. Chitin
d. Spores

A

b. Exoenzymes

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16
Q

The adaptive advantage associated with the fungi in the zygomycetes group is that they fuse through conjugation and many cunclei exchange genetic information in a structure known as the-
a. Glomerus
b. Conidisopore
c. Zygosporangium
d. Basidium

A

c. Zygosporangium

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17
Q

You walk out into your lawn one morning and see a nice ring of mushroom/toadstools these structures have been formed by-
a. Gnomes
b. Basidiomycetes
c. Chytridiomes
d. Ascomycetes

A

b. Basidiomcycetes

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18
Q

Characteristics of the organisms in the Kingdom Bacteria do NOT include which of the following_________
a. Nucleoid
b. Circular chromosomes
c. Linear DNA
d. Cell Walls

A

c. Linear DNA

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19
Q

The supergroup or Kingdom of Protista that live in aquatic enviroments, posses chloroplasts store starch in pyrenodi and are believed to be in the ancestral ornaganims of modern land-based plants are the—
a. brown alage
b. green alage
c. amoeba
d. dinoflagllates

A

b. green alage

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20
Q

A protistia organism known as Plasmodium vivax is the casual agent for what human disease?
a. Urinary tract infection
b. sleeping sickness
c. Malaria
d. Ringworm

A

c. Malaria

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21
Q

The mutualistic associate that exists between most plants and some fungi is referred to as a _______ relationship.
a. Pathogen heterotrophic
b. Nitrogen-fixing
c. Mycorrhizal
d. Heterotrophic

A

c. Mycorrhizal

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22
Q

The highly branched and extrememly long hyphal strands makeing up the mycleium enables the fungus to-
a. provide adequte protection for genomes
b. Produce a multicelluar sphere to protect spores.
c. Have a large surface area to cell volume for maximum food digestion and absorption
d. Produce large numbers of sporangium during sexual reproduction

A

c. Have a large surface area to cell volume for maximum food digestion and absorption

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23
Q

In the basidioomcycetes fungal group, the number of basidiospores that are produced on a basidium are _______.
a. 100’s
b. 4
c. 8
d. 1

A

b. 4

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24
Q

Fungal cell walls contian the complex carbhydrate _____ with contains nitrogen and is resilient to being broken down by fungal enzymes.
a. Starch
b. cellulose
c. chitin
d. pop tartrs

A

c. chitin

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25
Q

All fungi are _______________.
a. Archae
b. Prokaryotes
c. uncellular
d. eukaryoes

A

d. eukaryoes

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26
Q

During sexual reproduction, heteropkaryotic (dikaryon) hyphae of some fungi posses_______.
a. 1N + 1N nuclei
b. 1N nucleus
c. 2N
d. 4N

A

a. 1N + 1N nuclei

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27
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes viruses?
a. They have a genome similar to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
b. They can reproduce by dividing
c. They cannot reproduce without a host cell.
d. They can carry out their metabolic activities.

A

c. They cannot reproduce without a host cell.

28
Q

What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retrovirus?
a. It hydrolyzes the host cell’s DNA
b. It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
c. It converts host cell RNA into viral DNA.
d. It aids the virus when penetrating the host plasma membrane.

A

b. It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA syntheisi.

29
Q

A human pandemic is ________________.
a. A virus that increaes in mortality rate as it spreads
b. An infectious epidemic that extends to many continest around the world
c. A flu that kill more than 1 million people
c. A viral disease that infects all

A

b. An infectious epidemic that extends to many continest around the world

30
Q

Bacteria acquire new DNA through-
a. Conjugation
b. Mutation
c. Transduction
d. All of the listed responses are correct.

A

d. All of the listed responses are correct.

31
Q

In a sample of pond water….
a. Multicellular photosynthetic prokaryote
b. Colonial eukaryotic fungus
c. Colonial photosynthetic eukaryotic
d. Conolnial photosynthetic prokaryotes

A

c. Colonial photosynthetic eukaryotic

32
Q

Select the correct statement about photosynthesis by primary producers.
a. Photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes carrout of more than 50% of the photosynthesis in terrestrial forest communities.
b. cyanobacteria carry out more of the world’s photosythesynthesis than all other eukaryotic organisms combined.
c. Land-based plants carry out most of the world’s photosynthesis and O2 production
d. Only plants use sunlight to carry out photosynthesis for primary production.

A

c. Land based plants carry out most of the world’s photosynthesis and O2 production

33
Q

Bilogogust think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because_____
a. All eukaryotes have mitchondria ( or their remnants), whereas many eukakrytoes do not have plasitds.
b. The products of photosynthesis could not be metablized ithout mitochondrial enzyemes.
c. without mitochondrial CO2 production, photosynthesis could not occur.
d. Mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA that is plastid DNA.

A

a. All eukaryotes have mitchondria ( or their remnants), whereas many eukakrytoes do not have plasitds.

34
Q

Coral bleeching, which can couse coral mortatilu…
a. Dinoflagellates protect the coral from UV radiation.
b. Dinoflagellates protect the coral from pathogenic bateria.
c. Dinoflagellates secrete the calcium carbonate that forms the “exoskeletion” of coral.
d. Dinoflagellates provide nutrients from the products of photosynthesis to the corals in exhange for a favroable environment to live.

A

d. Dinoflagellates provide nutrients from the products of photosynthesis to the corals in exhange for a favroable environment to live.

35
Q

Sing on the beach read, “Beach Closed. Red Tide.” The organism interfering with the beach are probably_______.
a. Diatoms
b. Dinoflagellates
c. amoebas
d. red algae

A

b. Dinoflagellates

36
Q

Which statement about the genomes of prokaryotes is correct?

a. Prokaryotic genomes are composed of circular DNA.
b. The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained within a nucleus but, rather, is found at the nucleolus.
c. Prokaryotic chromosomes never mutate.
d. Prokaryotic genomes are diploid throughout most of the cell cycle.

A

a. Prokaryotic genomes are composed of circular DNA.

37
Q

Photoatoutrophs use ________.
a. As both an energy source and carbon source
b. Light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source
c. H2S as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source
d. Light as an energy source and methane as a carbon source

A

b. Light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source

38
Q

Scientists hypothesize that prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes because-
a. the meteorites that have struck earth contain fossils only by prokaryotes
b. Ribosomes closely resemble prokaryotic cells.
c. the oldest fossilized cells resemble prokaryotes
d. Laboratory experiments have produced ribosomes abiotically.

A

c. the oldest fossilized cells resemble prokqaryotes

39
Q

______– include both prokaryotic and eukaryotes autotrophs that float near the surface of the water and are the basis of the food chain.
a. slime mold
b. Phytoplankton
c. zooplankton
d. Heterotrophs

A

b. Phytopplankton

40
Q

Genes, in bacteria, that create the resistance of antibiotics are usually locaed ____.
a. in eukaryotic cells.
b. on plasmids
c. in the mitrochondria
d. on the cell wall of bacteria

A

b. on plasmids

41
Q

Fungi produce ____ spores.
a. dikaryotic
b. triploid
c. haploid
d. diploid

A

c. haploid

42
Q

Karyogamy produces ________ in fungi.
a. diploid zygote
b. hypha
c. haploid zygote
d. spores

A

a. diploid zygote

43
Q

Cup or sac fungi are in the phylum ______.
a. Zygomychota
b. Chordata
c. Basidiomycota
d. AScomycota

A

d. AScomycota

44
Q

Most fungi are _____
a. photoautotrophs
b. decomposers
c. carnivores
d. herbivores

A

b. decomposers

45
Q

Basidiomcycetes only reproduce through sexual processes and produce spores by a process known as________________.
a. mitosis
b. binary fission
c. meiosis
d. cloning

A

c. meiosis

46
Q

Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from a (+) an (-) hyphae of fungi?
a. sporulation
b. marriage
c. plasmogamy
d. grafting

A

c. plasmogamy

47
Q

Which structutes allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself from its enviroment?
a. gills
b. mycelium
c. spores
d. sporangium

A

b. mycelium

48
Q

Whihc of the following is a difference between plants and fungi?
a. Plants have diploid and haploid phases and fungi have only haploid stages.
b. Fungi have cell walls.
c. Fungi are heteroptrophic, and plants are autotrophic.
d. Fungi are strictly asexual and plants undergo sexula reproudciton.

A

c. Fungi are heteroptrophic, and plants are autotrophic.

49
Q

The body of most fungi consists of threadlike________which form a network called a ___________.
a. mycelia…hypha
b. mycelia…..dikaryon
c. hypahe….chytrid
d. hyphae…mycelium

A

d. hyphae…mycelium

50
Q

Fungi in the phylum _______are contributing to ta decline in the world’s population of amphibians.
a. Basidiomycota
b. Zygomycota
c. Glomeromycotan
d. Chytridiomycota

A

d. Chytridiomycota

51
Q

Most mosses live in habitats where moisture is available, this is extremely important because-
a. Herbivores eating moss do not like water habit
b. Sexual reproduction requires water for the flagellated sperm cells.
c. The egg floats in a film of water until fertilizes.
d. They have rhizoids thus they don’t need to attach themselves to the ground.

A

b. Sexual reproduction requires water for the flagellated sperm cells.

52
Q

The diploid generation of a plant life cycle always-
a. develops from a spore
b. is haploid (1N)
c. produces eggs and sperms
d. produces spores.

A

d. produces spores.

53
Q

The functional role of sporpolenneing is primarily to-
a. Create spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal.
b. Reduce dehydration and make spores and pollen more resilient to environmental changes
c. Provide nutrients to spores
d. Make spores less dense and be able to be appeared by the winds

A

b. Reduce dehydration and make spores and pollen more resilient to environmental changes

54
Q

Adaption in plants to life on a land as compared to alage in water include.
i. Rings of cellulose- synthetizing complexes
ii. Cuticles
iii. Tracheids
iv. Multicellular, dependent embryoes
v. Production of sporopellen

a. I, IV and V
b. I, II, and IV
c. II and IV
d. II, III, and IV

A

b. I, II, and IV

55
Q

Assuming these structures belong to the same plant, arrange them from largest to smalles (or fomr most inclusive to least inclusive)
1. spores
2. sporophytes
3. sporangia

a. 1,2 and 3
b. 2,3 and 1
c. 3,2 and 1
d. 3,1 and 2

A

b. 2,3 and 1

56
Q

In which of the following plant groups foes the mature sporhytpe sdepend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition
a. Bryophytes
b. Ferns
c. gymnosperm
d. angiosperm

A

a. Bryophytes

57
Q

Which of the following should have a gene sequence most similar to to the charophyte that was the common ancestro of the land plants-
a. ancertrial bryophytes
b. ancestral ferns.
c. anscetral gymnosperms
d. ancestral angiosperms

A

a. ancertrial bryophytes

58
Q

Which of the follwoing in a true statement about plant reporudction?
a. Ferns are limited to only asexually reproudce
b. in byrophytes, the dominant generation consists of the haploid generation
c. in gymsoperms, the domiantn consists of the haploid generations
d. angiosperms can only repoduce via spores, not seeds.

A

b. in byrophytes, the dominant generation consists of the haploid generation

59
Q

Byrophtyes such as mosses and liverwords differ from all other plants in that they-
a. lack true leaves and roots
b. are the only plants to have flagellated sperm cells
c. lack the external waxy convering known as the cuticule
d. contains a vascular system

A

a. lack true leaves and roots

60
Q

Seedless plants include the following types of plants_______.
a. mosses and liverworts only
b. gymnosperms and angiosperms
c. mosses and ferns only
d. mosses, liverwors, ferns, and lycophytes

A

d. mosses, liverwors, ferns, and lycophytes

61
Q

The first virus to be discovered was a helical rod shaped virus containing RNA known as-
a.Prion
b. Adenovirus
c. TMV
d. Bacteriophage

A

c. TMV

62
Q

Some virusess have double stranded DNA genomes and are capable of incorporating in the host cells DNA. They can reactive after a latency period in the future. Varricella-zoster, casual agent of chicken pox can reactivate in humans and becomes known as-
a. AIDS
b. Shingles
c. Measles
d. Gential herpes

A

b. Shingles

63
Q

In the replication stage of a virus, if the virus infects the cell, only replicates using the cells cellular contents and is released from the cell without incorporating into the host cell’s DNA this type of viral replication is known as-
a. transduction
b. lysogenic
c. lygtic
d. congjucation

A

c. lygtic

64
Q

The outer protein shell that encloesse the nucleic material of a viron is known as-
a. vesicle
b. pili
c. capsule
d. capsid

A

d. capsid

65
Q

Mad cow disease in cows, Wasting disease in deeri, and Creutzfuldt-Jacob disease in humands caused by abnormal proteins in neurological tissues known as-

a. Zikac viruses
b. Prions
c. Ebola
d. bacteripphages

A

b. Prions

Biology 101 (18 decks)

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