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Nutrition > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins?

A

group of organic compounds that are essential in the diet of organisms in small quantities bc they cant be synthesized by the body

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2
Q

What vitamins do ruminants not require?

A

B vitamins
vitamin K

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3
Q

What vitamins do ruminants require?

A

A,D,E

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4
Q

What vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A,D,E,K

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5
Q

What vitamins are water source?

A

B vitamins, C

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6
Q

Another way of vitamin supplementation

A

premix

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7
Q

What are compounds that have the biological activity of retinol?

A

Vitamin A

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8
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin A?

A

-vision
-cell proliferation and differentiation
-gene transcription

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9
Q

What does vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

-night blindness leading to blindness, abnormal bone growth, rough hair coat, degeneration of mucous membranes, impaired growth

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10
Q

What is vitamin A toxicity? (symptoms)

A

-skeletal malformations, reduced growth, conjunctivitis, reproductive failure

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11
Q

What is the most likely vitamin to become toxic?

A

A

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12
Q

What are the two major forms of vitamin D?

A

D2 and D3
-synthesized by the skin

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13
Q

Vitamin D metabolism

A

-production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in liver
-production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in kidney

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14
Q

Vitamin D functions

A

-increase efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption
-calcium mobilization from bone

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15
Q

What does vitamin D deficiency cause?

A

Rickets

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16
Q

Tell me some things about vitamin D

A

-no need to supplement if adequate sunlight exposure in most species
-vitamin D requirements vary greatly among species, depending on sunlight exposure

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17
Q

Vitamin E function

A

prevention of membrane lipids from oxidative damage

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18
Q

What are the symptoms for vitamin E deficiency?

A

muscular dystrophy in most species, live necrosis in swine and rats, fetal resorption in rats, encephalomalacia in poultry

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19
Q

What is Vitamin K involved in?

A

involved in protein synthesis
-clotting factors
-osteocalcin

20
Q

What happens when vitamin K deficient?

A

reduced blood clotting ability

21
Q

Which vitamin rarely has a toxicity issue?

A

B vitamins
-synthesis adequate in rumen

22
Q

What are the B vitamins?

A

Vitamin B1 - Thiamine
Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin
Vitamin B3 - Niacin
Vitamin B5- Pantothenic acid
Vitamin B6- Pyridoxine
Vitamin B7 - Biotin
Vitamin B9 - Folic Acid
Vitamin B12 - Cobalomin

23
Q

What are the functions of Thiamin (vitamin B1)?

A

-decarboxylation of ketoacids
-transketolations

24
Q

How does thiamin deficiency work?

A

usually due to the destruction of thiamin in diet or GIT
-thiaminases

25
Q

What does thiamin deficiency result in?

A

impaired carbohydrate metabolism
-anorexia, convulsions, paralysis, reduced heart rate, subnormal body temp

26
Q

What are the functions of Riboflavin (B2)?

A

-flavin mononucleotide
-flavin adenine dinucleotide

27
Q

What are the symptoms for riboflavin deficiency?

A

-curled toe paralysis in chicks
-reduced egg production and hatchability
-skin lesions, reduced growth
-reproductive failure

28
Q

What are the functions of Niacin (B3)?

A

-formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

29
Q

What does deficiency in Niacin cause?

A

Pellagra
-dermatitis
-dementia
-diarrhea

30
Q

How does the niacin-tryptophan work?

A

metabolic requirement for niacin can be met by conversion of tryptophan to niacin

31
Q

What are the functions of Pantothenic acid (B5)?

A

-coenzyme A synthesis
-acyl carrier protein synthesis

32
Q

What does a deficiency in pantothenic acid cause?

A

-reduced growth
-dermatitis
-goose stepping gait in pigs

33
Q

What are the functions of Pyridoxine (B6)?

A

Cofactors for enzymes:
-aminotransferases
-decarboxylases
-heme biosynthesis
-cysteine biosynthesis
-glycogen phosphorylase

34
Q

What does a deficiency in pyridoxine cause?

A

-convulsions
-dermatitis
-impaired reproduction

35
Q

What are the functions of folate (B9) ?

A

1-carbon metabolism
-interconversion of glycine and serine
-methionine cycle
-nucleotide synthesis

36
Q

What does a deficiency in folate cause?

A

anemia

37
Q

What is special about Cobalamin (B12) ?

A

intrinsic factor in the gastric juice bind vitamin B12 needed for absorption
-receptors on brush border of s.i. bind intrinsic factor for B12 absorption

38
Q

Cofactor for B12?

A

-methylmalonyl CoA mutase
-methionine synthase

39
Q

What does a deficiency in Cobalamin?

A

-decreased growth
-anemia
-poor reproduction

40
Q

What does Biotin (B7) do?

A

synthesis of
-acetyl CoA carboxylase
-pyruvate carboxylase
-propionyl CoA carboxylase
-3 methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase

41
Q

What does a deficiency in Biotin cause?

A

Non-ruminants: dermatitis, cracks in foot pads, poor growth, loss of hair or feathers
Ruminants/horses: hoof cracks and lesions

42
Q

What is sometimes considered a vitamin but is not a dietary essential?

A

Choline

43
Q

Functions of choline?

A

-phospholipid synthesis
-neurotransmission
-chylomicron synthesis
-methyl group donor

44
Q

vitamin C

A

-essential for primates, guinea pigs, exotics, fish
-ascorbic acid

45
Q

What is vitamin C synthesized from?

A

glucose
-species that have vitamin C requirements lack gulonolactone?

46
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C?

A

*required for oxygenase activity in
-collagen synthesis
-carnitine synthesis
-norepinephrine synthesis
-activation of peptide hormones
-tyrosine oxidation
*antioxidant

47
Q

What does a deficiency in Vitamin c cause?

A

scurvy
-bruising/hemorrhaging, rough coat, painful joints, dental issues

Nutrition (9 decks)

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