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Health Psychology > Pain Worksheet > Flashcards

Pain Worksheet Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the finding of the study investigating the sex differences in pain

A
  • No significant sex differences at low temp
  • Females reported higher pain at same high heat as males
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2
Q

A-beta fibers
- Information carried
- myelinated?
- Diameter (Smallest to largest)
- Conduction (Slowest to fastest)

A
  • Touch
  • yes
  • largest
  • fastest
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3
Q

A-delta fibers
- Information carried
- myelinated?
- Diameter (Smallest to largest)
- Conduction (Slowest to fastest)

A
  • Pain
  • yes
  • moderate
  • moderate
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4
Q

C fibers
- Information carried
- myelinated?
- Diameter (Smallest to largest)
- Conduction (Slowest to fastest)

A
  • Pain
  • no
  • smallest
  • slowest
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5
Q

Meissner Corpuscle
- Stimulus response
- Fiber type
- Adaptation Rate
- Activation Threshold

A
  • Touch (dynamic deformation)
  • A-beta
  • Rapid
  • Lower
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6
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle
- Stimulus response
- Fiber type
- Adaptation Rate
- Activation Threshold

A
  • Touch (Vibration)
  • A-beta
  • Rapid
  • Lower
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7
Q

Merkle’s disk
- Stimulus response
- Fiber type
- Adaptation Rate
- Activation Threshold

A
  • Touch (indentation depth)
  • A-beta
  • moderate
  • Lower
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8
Q

Ruffini Corpuscle
- Stimulus response
- Fiber type
- Adaptation Rate
- Activation Threshold

A
  • touch (stretch)
  • A-beta
  • moderate
  • lower
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9
Q

Free Nerve Ending
- Stimulus response
- Fiber type
- Adaptation Rate
- Activation Threshold

A
  • Pain
  • A-Delta and C
  • Slow
  • Higher
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10
Q

What receptors are activated when you burn your hand in boiling water

A
  • Free nerve endings
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11
Q

What receptors are activated when you get kicked in the shin

A
  • Free Nerve endings
  • merkle’s Disk
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12
Q

What receptors are activated when giving a vigorous handshake

A
  • Free Nerve Endings
  • Meissner Corpuscle
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13
Q

Spinothalamic Tract

A
  • Originates in the nociceptor
  • Cells extend from A-delta and C-fibers and synapse in the dorsal horn with the second order neurons
  • Second-order neurons ascend to the thalamus on the contralateral side
  • Second-order neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the thalamus
  • third-order neurons terminate in the somatosensory cortex
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14
Q

Lemniscal Tract

A
  • Originates with mechanoreceptors
  • Cells extend to form a-beta fibers that synapse in the medulla oblongata with second order neurons
  • Second-order neurons ascend to thalamus on the contralateral side
  • Second-order neurons synapse in the thalamus with third-order neurons that terminate in the somatosensory cortex
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15
Q

Gait Control Theory

A
  • Applying though to the sight of injury activates the A-beta neuron
  • Which activates the interneuron
  • The interneuron inhibits the second-order neuron of the spinothalamic tract closing the gait to pain
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16
Q

What aspect of pain perception does acetaminophen impact?

A

Emotional

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17
Q

What brain regions are involved in emotional pain

A

Insula and ACC

18
Q

What impact did acetaminophen have on the participant’s pain perception in De Wall et al (2010) study

A

Reduces activation in the insula and ACC, which reduces feelings of hurt caused by social rejection

19
Q

How can chronic back pain impact the brain?

A
  • Increased activity of insula
  • decrease in grey matter density in the prefrontal cortex
20
Q

What is the impact of increased activity of the insula caused by chronic back pain?

A

Increased hyperalgesia/ sensitivity to pain
- can relate to increased rates of anxiety and depression in individuals with chronic back pain

21
Q

What is the impact of decreased grey matter density in the prefrontal cortex?

A

reduction in cognitive function, specifically executive function related to decision making

22
Q

What are the similarities between phantom limb pain and allodynia

A

Both result from maladaptive neuroplasticity

23
Q

What are the differences between phantom limb pain and allodynia

A
  1. One is due to maladaptive neuroplasticity in the spine and the other is in the somatosensory cortex
  2. Damage to nerve vs loss of limb
  3. Does not respond to mirror therapy vs does
24
Q

How does intention affect pain when someone hurts you?

A

Malicious intent causes an increase in pain

25
Q

How does attention affect pain perception

A
  • Not attending to pain decreases how much it hurts
    -Periaqueductal Grey (PAG) becomes more activated
    -Prefrontal cortex inhibition of the PAG when attending to pain
26
Q

How does more intense pain affect perception of moderate level pain?

A
  • More intense pain inhibits moderate pain
  • Periaqueductal gray (PAG) released endogenous opioids which bind to opioid receptors to inhibit pain and raises threshold for pain (analgesic effect)
27
Q

Pain in neonates

A
  • Neonates feel pain
  • historically, insufficient scientific understanding of the brain meant that neonates were not offered pain relief, even for major surgeries
28
Q

Characteristics of Pain

A
  • unpleasant at both sensory and emotional levels
  • potentially but not necessarily associated with tissue damage
  • Subjective
29
Q

Non-verbal response to pain

A
  • Facial expressions
  • Crying characteristics
  • Cortisol levels
  • Neural Activity
30
Q

How do expectations influence pain?

A
  • Positive and negative expectations elicit powerful placebo or nocebo effects
  • Anxiety about pain increases the pain
31
Q

Def: Empathy

A

Feeling another’s pain

32
Q

Compared to pain administered to self, what does empathy cause

A
  • No activity of the somatosensory cortex
  • Similar activation of the insula and ACC
  • Activation of the insula depends on the extent to which one feels empathetic
33
Q

Distinctions between social and physical pain

A
  • Social pain appears to hurt more than physical pain when relived
  • Context matters
34
Q

How long must pain persist to be considered chronic pain?

A

longer than 3 months

35
Q

What are the three types of chronic pain

A
  1. Nociceptive - Tissue damage
  2. Neuropathic - Nerve damage
  3. Nociplastic - Sensitized nervous system
36
Q

What causes chronic pain?

A
  • Dysfunctional neuronal signaling in the periphery, dorsal horn and cortex
  • Resulting in neural degeneration that impairs pain perception, mood and decision making
37
Q

How can chronic pain be treated

A

-Hyperalgesia may benefit from opioids but there are risks of addiction
- Allodynia is resistant to opioids
-talk therapy and physiotherapy may be the best approaches to rewire the nervous system for nociplastic pain

38
Q

Explain the Rubber Hand Illusion

A
  • Visual input tricks the brain into believing the rubber hand is your real hand
    -Causes temporary representation of the rubber hand in somatosensory cortex
39
Q

Virtual reality effect on neck pain

A
  • Visual information tricks the brain into thinking the head has rotated more or less than it has
40
Q

What causes phantom limb pain?

A

-Neighboring body parts takeover the S1 area that used to represent the amputated limb
- When that region is activated, it can cause pain in the former location of the amputated limb

41
Q

Function of mirror therapy

A

Helps to suppress S1 activity and phantom pain

Health Psychology (8 decks)

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