Stress Worksheet Flashcards
(41 cards)
The activation of what brain region triggers the stress system
The hypothalamus
How many axis are there in the stress system?
2 axis
What are the names of the axis in the stress system
SAM
- Sympathetic neurons, Adrenal Medulla
HPA
- Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Adrenal cortex
What are the characteristics of the SAM axis
-acts fast through the nervous system
-causes the release of epinephrine
What are the characteristics of the HPA axis
- acts slower through hormones
- causes the release of cortisol
What is the role of the amygdala in the stress response?
- Treat detection
- necessary for fear conditioning involving explicit cues
What is the role of the locus coeruleus in the stress response?
-Startle response
What is the role of the hippocampus in the stress response?
- Bind fear to context
- required for fear conditioning in a particular context or location
What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in the stress response?
- evaluation of fear
- works with the amygdala
What is the role of the hypothalamus
- Keeps body in homeostatic state
- Activates axis
What were the findings of the shutter box experiment?
- a button that does not control the shocks increases learned helplessness
- a cage with uncontrollable shocks increases learned helplessness
- Longer escape latency indicates more learned helplessness
- Freezing indicates more learned helplessness
Mineralocorticoid receptors
- high affinity for cortisol at rest
-sets baseline levels of cortisol
-if there are less receptors this results in a higher baseline
Glucocorticoid Receptors
- low affinity for cortisol at rest
-involved in stress response recovery
-less receptors causes slower recovery
How does exercise training affect stress receptor levels?
increases glucocorticoid receptors speeding up recovery time
Type I immune cells
-T cell type
-Immunity
-immune protection
-immune pathology
- T Helper I
- cell-mediated
- viruses, bacteria and cancer
-autoimmunity
Type 2 immune cells
-T cell type
-Immunity
-immune protection
-immune pathology
- T Helper 2
-Humoral (extracellular)
-Parasites
-allergies
What happens to immune cells when under stress?
-decrease in T Helper 1 and increase in T Helper 2
- Causes an increased risk for viruses, bacteria and caner, as well as allergies
How do SSRI drugs work?
They block the reuptake of serotonin into the pre-synaptic cell increasing serotonin availability within the synapse
Why do SSRI drugs not work for people with drug-resistant depression
Depression is caused by inflammation, not lack of serotonin
Describe the study preformed by Paolucci et al. on the benefit of exercise for depression
-Compared HITT and MCT under high level stress
-measured anxiety, depression, stress and inflammation
-found that both increased resistance to depression and MCT decreased stress and inflammation
Describe the study preformed by Rethorst et al on the benefit of exercise for depression
- Individuals with drug resistant depression performed a 12 week exercise program
-everyone benefited from the program
-those with high TNF alpha had greatest reduction in symptoms
-indicates that exercise may be medicine for non-responders
Explain the effects of reappraisal vs ignoring stressors
Reappraisal causes a decrease in vasoconstriction, increase in cardiac efficiency and decrease in great negativity bias
Should everyone be advised to use positive affirmations to improve mood?
No
-high self-esteem = boosted mood with affirmations
- low self-esteem = felt worse with affirmations
- need to believe the affirmations
What brain region is associated with PTSD
the amygdala
