Chapter 7: Social Psychology Flashcards
What are in groups and out groups?
In groups: groups that one belongs to
Out groups: groups that one doesn’t belong to
Membership to in groups is based on __________ and __________.
reciprocity, transitivity.
reciprocity: ‘you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours’
transitivity: a = b and b = c, therefore a = c (relates to interpersonal harmony)
How do prejudice and discrimination differ?
Prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is behaviour.
What is out-group homogeneity bias?
Tendency to attribute traits to all members of out-group. Belief that ‘they’ are all alike.
Describe in-group favouritism and out-group derogation.
Tendency to attribute more positive qualities to in-group members, negative qualities to out-group members.
The _______-_______ theory states that competition for resources fosters prejudice (e.g. as economic times worsen, hostility towards immigrants increase).
realistic-conflict.
The _______-_______ theory states that prejudice stems from a need to enhance one’s self-esteem.
social-identity.
What is a stereotype?
A schema that makes processing easy, based on membership to certain groups.
__________ occurs when a person does not fit into a stereotype that would otherwise apply to them.
Subtyping.
Subtyping often results in __________ being done by the holder of prejudice.
rationalizing.
What is the implicit bias test meant to indicate and how does it measure this?
‘Automatic preference’ for race via measuring reaction time.
What is a stereotype threat?
Anxiety surrounding fear of fulfilling stereotype when one believes they may be the target of one.
What are attributions?
Judgments about causes of our or others’ behaviour and outcomes.
__________ attributions are caused by oneself, __________ attributions are caused by one’s environment.
Personal, situational.
What causes attributional biases?
Fundamental attribution errors, often due to skewed perception of self and own role.