Chapter 7: Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are in groups and out groups?

A

In groups: groups that one belongs to
Out groups: groups that one doesn’t belong to

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2
Q

Membership to in groups is based on __________ and __________.

A

reciprocity, transitivity.

reciprocity: ‘you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours’
transitivity: a = b and b = c, therefore a = c (relates to interpersonal harmony)

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3
Q

How do prejudice and discrimination differ?

A

Prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is behaviour.

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4
Q

What is out-group homogeneity bias?

A

Tendency to attribute traits to all members of out-group. Belief that ‘they’ are all alike.

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5
Q

Describe in-group favouritism and out-group derogation.

A

Tendency to attribute more positive qualities to in-group members, negative qualities to out-group members.

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6
Q

The _______-_______ theory states that competition for resources fosters prejudice (e.g. as economic times worsen, hostility towards immigrants increase).

A

realistic-conflict.

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7
Q

The _______-_______ theory states that prejudice stems from a need to enhance one’s self-esteem.

A

social-identity.

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8
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

A schema that makes processing easy, based on membership to certain groups.

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9
Q

__________ occurs when a person does not fit into a stereotype that would otherwise apply to them.

A

Subtyping.

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10
Q

Subtyping often results in __________ being done by the holder of prejudice.

A

rationalizing.

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11
Q

What is the implicit bias test meant to indicate and how does it measure this?

A

‘Automatic preference’ for race via measuring reaction time.

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12
Q

What is a stereotype threat?

A

Anxiety surrounding fear of fulfilling stereotype when one believes they may be the target of one.

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13
Q

What are attributions?

A

Judgments about causes of our or others’ behaviour and outcomes.

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14
Q

__________ attributions are caused by oneself, __________ attributions are caused by one’s environment.

A

Personal, situational.

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15
Q

What causes attributional biases?

A

Fundamental attribution errors, often due to skewed perception of self and own role.

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16
Q

What does nonverbal behaviour refer to?

A

Facial expressions, gestures, movements.

17
Q

What are four psychological reasons humans practice affiliation?

A

Obtain positive stimulation, receive emotional support, gain attention, social comparison.

18
Q

Describe the mere exposure effect.

A

Exposure alone can promote affiliation, ergo trope of two ppl disliking one another at first later becoming friends.

19
Q

Describe the matching effect.

A

Tendency for more attractive people to end up with other attractive people and vice versa.

20
Q

The triangular theory of love divides love into which three categories?

A

Intimacy, passion, commitment

21
Q

How do the three categories of love combine under the triangular theory of love?

A

Liking (intimacy) + infatuation (passion) = romantic love
Liking (intimacy) + empty love (commitment) = companionate love
Infatuation (passion) + empty love (commitment) = fatuous love
all 3 = consumate love

22
Q

What does social loafing refer to?

A

Failure to ‘pull one’s own weight’ in a group.

23
Q

By the collective effort model, what factors cause social loafing?

A

individual performance not being monitored,
goal and task having little value,
group being unimportant,
task being simple/person’s effort being redundant.

24
Q

Describe group polarization

A

Average opinion of group becomes more extreme.

25
Q

What is groupthink?

A

When a group ignores critical thinking when seeking agreement.

26
Q

What are some causes of groupthink?

A

High stress to make a decision,
Insulation from outside input,
Directive leader who promotes their agenda,
High group cohesion.

27
Q

What do informational social influence and normative social influence refer to, respectively?

A

Informational social influence: adjustment of information, ‘correctness’ of information
Normative social influence: adjustment of norms

28
Q

The norm of reciprocity, door-in-the-face technique, and foot-in-the-door-technique are all examples of what?

A

Compliance techniques.

29
Q

Define attitudes.

A

Positive or negative evaluative reactions toward a stimulus.

30
Q

What is the cognitive dissonance theory?

A

Theory that we strive for consistency in cognitions, and that two inconsistent cognitions leads to cognitive dissonance.

31
Q

Cognitive dissonance can result in _______-_______ behaviour.

A

counter-attitudinal.

32
Q

Define persuasion.

A

Active and conscious effort to change an attitude or behaviour through the transmission of a message.

33
Q

What are some factors persuasion influenced by?

A

The communicator, message, and audience.

34
Q

What is eusociality?

A

Altruistic behaviour characterized by living in groups, cooperative care, and division of labour.

35
Q

What are some examples of eusocial species?

A

Bees, ants, naked mole rats.

36
Q

Crowding, heat, frustration, and a monoamine oxidase gene are all factors affecting what?

A

Aggression.

37
Q

Describe the just-world hypothesis.

A

People are more likely to exhibit prosocial behaviour if they perceive that the victim does not deserve the situation they are in.