THEORIES OF CHANGE IN HEALT PROMOTION (part 1)

Question 1

“systematically organized knowledge applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumstances devised to analyze, predict or otherwise explain the nature or behaviour of a specified set of phenomena that could be used as the basis for action” (Van Ryn and Heany, 1992).

Answer 1

Theory

Question 2

is a structured logical explanation, or a way of examining or describing a certain phenomenon, such as the factors promoting or inhibiting health.

Answer 2

theory

Question 3

Health promoters apply theories to:

Answer 3

 understand the individuals, organizations and communities they work with;
 guide the selection and development of appropriate health promotion strategies; and/or
 explain the factors promoting and inhibiting change at the individual, community and societal levels.

Question 4

There are four broad categories of health promotion theories:

Answer 4

 theories explaining health behavior change in individuals
 theories explaining change in communities
 theories explaining change in organizations
 theories explaining the development of healthy public policy

Question 5

……………………… is one of the oldest theories designed to explain health
behavior

Answer 5

The Health Belief Model

Question 6

It argues that behavior can best be understood if beliefs about health are clear.

Answer 6

The Health Belief Model

Question 7

The Health Belief Model

The model predicts that individuals will act to protect or promote their health if
they believe that:

Answer 7

 they are (susceptible to a condition or problem)
 the consequences of the condition are (severe)
 the recommended actions to deal with the problem are (beneficial)
 the benefits of taking action outweigh the costs or (barriers)

Question 8

Major elements of health belife model

هاذي موجودة في سلايد رقم 6 اتوقع راجعوها من السلايدات لانها مو موجودة هنا ما حطيتها

Question 9

For example, if the Health Belief Model was applied to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS, individuals would be more likely to practice safe sex if they believe that:

Answer 9

 they are at risk of HIV infection
 the consequences of the infection are serious
 safe sex practices (e.g., condom use) are effective in reducing the risk of infection
 the benefits of safe sex practices outweigh the potential costs and barriers

Question 10

Shows how behavioral intentions are thought to be influenced by three factors:

-attitudes towards behaviors
-subjective norms
-Perceived Behavioral Control

Answer 10

Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour
نظرية الفعل المبرر والسلوك المخطط له

Question 11

shows how behavioral intentions are thought to be influenced by three factors:

Answer 11

-attitudes towards behaviors
-subjective norms
-Perceived Behavioral Control

Question 12

الموقف تجاه السلوك
(attitudes towards behaviors), which are determined by the belief that a:

Answer 12

 desired outcome will occur if a particular behavior is followed and that the outcome will be beneficial to health

المثال مو لازم تحفظه اهم شي الي فوق
for example, people will be more likely to have a positive attitude towards using sunscreen if they believe it’s an effective means of achieving the desired outcome (preventing skin cancer)

Question 13

subjective norms, relate to a person’s beliefs about

Answer 13

ما يعتقده الاخرون بشان الشخص
1-what others think she or he should do (normative beliefs)

دافع الشخص للامتثال لرغبة الاخرين
2-and by an individual’s motivation to comply with the wishes of others

المثال للفهم
for example: if a smoker feels that most people do not smoke and that most of his/her friends want them to quit, then it is more likely she/he will develop subjective norms that favor quitting-

Question 14

perceived behavioral control recognizes that a person’s intentions will…?

Answer 14

become significantly more likely to lead to behavior if he/she feels greater personal control over a behavior (a concept closely linked to the notion of self efficacy in social learning theory)

المثال للفهم
for example, a new mother may be more likely to breastfeed her baby if she has a higher degree of perceived behavioral control, or confidence, in her ability to breastfeed.

Question 15

The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory
Based on the assumptions that:

behaviour change is an ongoing process, not an event

True or false

Answer 15

True

Question 16

The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory
Based on the assumptions that:

individuals have varying levels of motivation or readiness to change,

True or false

Answer 16

True

Question 17

The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory
the theory identifies five stages of change:

Answer 17

Pre-contemplation (ignorance is bliss)

Contemplation (sitting on the fence)

Preparation (testing the waters)

Action (go for it)

Maintenance(steady as she goes)

Question 18

The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change)

the stage describing individuals who are not considering changing their behaviours, or are consciously intending not to change;

Answer 18

Pre-contemplation (ignorance is bliss)

Question 19

The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory

the stage at which a person considers making a change to a specific behaviour;

Answer 19

Contemplation (sitting on the fence)

Question 20

The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory

the stage at which a person makes a serious commitment to change and begins to make the necessary preparations to do so;

Answer 20

Preparation (testing the waters)

Question 21

The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory

the stage at which a change is initiated;

Answer 21

Action (go for it)

Question 22

The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory

sustaining the change over time:

Answer 22

maintenance (“steady as she goes”)

Question 23

The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory

People appear to move through these stages in a predictable way, although some move more quickly than others

صح ولا خطا

Answer 23

صح

Question 24

The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory

The theory is circular rather than linear, as people can enter or exit at any point

صح ولا خطا

Answer 24

صح

Question 25

The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory

it applies equally to individuals who ‘self-initiate’ a change and those responding to advice and encouragement to change

Answer 25

صح

يعني للناس الي بدات التغيير من نفسها وتبغا تتغير وتسمع للنصيحه ومحفزه للتغيير

Question 26

Pre-contemplation

The challenge is:

Suggested action:

Answer 26

Awareness raising

Provide information on the health risks of being overweight

Question 27

Contemplation

The challenge is :

Suggested action :

Answer 27

Recognition of the benefits of change

Provide information on the potential benefits of weight loss

Question 28

Preparation

The challenge is :

Suggested action :

Answer 28

Support to overcome barriers to weight loss

Assistance with identification of potential barriers and support for overcoming barriers

Question 29

Action

The challenge is:

Suggested action :

Answer 29

Program of change

Work out a plan for weight loss and monitor progress

Question 30

Maintenance

The challenge is :

Suggested action :

Answer 30

Follow-up

Organise routine follow-up. work out a plan to prevent relapse

Question 31

the most comprehensive theory

Answer 31

Social Learning Theory

Question 32

Social learning theory is the most comprehensive theory because it addresses both

Answer 32

 the underlying determinants of health behaviour
 and methods of promoting change.

Question 33

The theory views change as a product of the interaction between individuals and their environments.

Answer 33

Social Learning Theory

Question 34

Social Learning Theory

there is no framework that links the components of the theory together.

True or false

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Social Learning Theory

The key elements of the theory are:

Answer 35

 reciprocal determinism
 observational learning
 expectations
 self-efficacy

Question 36

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 36

 describes the way in which behaviour and the environment continuously interact and influence one another.

 For example, modifying social norms about smoking is considered to be one of the most powerful ways of promoting cessation among adults.

Question 37

is the capacity to learn by observing the behaviour of others.

Answer 37

Observational learning

For example, children may be more likely to follow the example of people they admire (role models).

Question 38

are the value an individual places on the outcomes resulting from different behaviours.

Answer 38

Expectations

For example, if you believe that smoking will help you to lose weight and place great value on weight loss, then you may be more likely to take up smoking.

take up smoking = يعني تقوم وتدخن

يعني الواحد يكون عنده تجارب سابقة قريبة من التدخين وحصل منها فائدة فيقرر فجاه انه التدخين متوقع منه نتيجة كويسه

Question 39

is an individual’s belief and level of confidence in her/his own ability to successfully make a change or perform a behaviour.

Answer 39

Self-efficacy

Question 40

Social learning theory identifies …………………. as the most important factor for successful change.

Answer 40

self-efficacy

Question 41

The theory suggests that health promoters act as ‘change agents’, facilitating change through modification of the social environment and the development of skills and capacities that enable individuals to make healthy changes.

Answer 41

Social Learning Theory

Question 42

The scientists identified eight conditions, one or more of which must be true in order for a person to make a successful health-related behaviour change:

Answer 42

 a strong, positive intention to perform the behaviour
 an absence of environmental barriers preventing the behaviour
 skills to perform the behaviour
 advantages of performing the behaviour outweigh the disadvantages
 social pressure to perform the behaviour
 consistency between the behaviour and a person’s self image
 a more positive than negative emotional reaction to performing the behaviour
 perceived self-efficacy (or confidence) to perform the behaviour

Question 43

Theories Explaining Behaviour Change in Individuals

Answer 43

Health bleive model

Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour

The Trans-theoretical (Stages of Change) Theory

Social Learning Theory